The Spanish Slave Trade Between 1500 And 1866 Essay

An early 15th-century traveler would be astounded by the expressions of civilization in this 21st century. He or she would be particularly amazed by today’s â€Å"America†. The land, once inhabited by the Aztecs, the Incas, and other indigenous groups, underwent a massive global transformation that began in the late 1400s. The European invasion of the Americas in the late 15th century, the Transatlantic Slave Trade between 1500 and 1866, and the Haitian revolution that characterized the late 18th to early 19th century introduced diversity, economic growth and class equality to the native soils. This left a significant mark not only in the Americas but also in global history. In 1492, Christopher Columbus and his crew set their sails across the Atlantic Ocean with hopes of arriving in the East. However, they mistakenly voyaged their way into the Americas. With the intention of gaining wealth and spreading Christianity, the Spanish launched their ships in the coastal regions of the West Indies. Christopher Columbus, upon arrival, forcefully dominated the land of the â€Å"Indians†. In his letter to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, the Spanish sailor mentioned that as soon as he arrived in Indies, in the first Island which he found, he took by force some of them, in order that they might learn and give him information of that which there is in those parts.1 For the people of the Americas, however, the invasion of their land spiraled into a series of unfortunate events. After theShow MoreRelatedThe Expansion Of A Early 16th Century Traveler Essay1056 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"America†. The land, once inhabited by the Aztecs, the Incas, and other indigenous groups, underwent a massive global transformation that began in the late 1400s. The European invasion in the early late 15th century, the Transatlantic slave trade between 1500 and 1866, and the monumental revolutions that characterized the early 18th century to mid 19th century introduced diversity, economic growth and class equality to the native soils. This left a significant mark not only in America, but also inRead MoreThe Atlantic Slave Trade Lasted Between 1450 And 17501012 Words   |  5 Pages The Atlantic Slave Trade lasted between 1450 and 1750 and drastically impacted the lives of both European and African people. During this time, the Europeans, such as the British, Portuguese, Spanish, French, and Dutch, traveled to Africa in search of labor workers. In total, over twelve million slaves were taken, mainly because they workers to make money, but it also had to do with their race, religion – as they were not Christian – and to civilize them because the Europeans did not believe thatRead MoreCountry Reports : Bolivia, Bolivia1756 Words   |  8 PagesCountry Reports: Bolivia Bolivia, named after the Venezuelan military leader Simá ½ ¹n Bolá ½ ·var, for most of its political history has been in a state of fluctuation. It came under Spanish rule in the 1500s and did not gain independence until 1825. It was not until the end of the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement in the late 1950s did the country transition into a military rule and only in the past few decades has it moved towards a democracy (or at least less military dictatorship-like) (Kohl 1978)Read MoreMartin Luther ( 1483-1546 )2808 Words   |  12 PagesConfession and promoted many of Luther’s ideas. 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ArticlesRead More The Perception of African Americans in the Media and How it Affects Their Self-Identity3877 Words   |  16 PagesBefore 1787, of course, African Americans were slaves and only thought of as chattel. In 1787 the U.S. Constitution was ratified. It provided for the continuation of the slave trade for another 20 years and stipulated that a slave counted as three-fifths of a man for purposes of representation by government. In 1865 some headway was gained when the Thirteenth Amendment was passed, outlawing slavery and establishing a Freedmen’s Bureau to assist former slaves. Also in 1865 Union General, William T. ShermanRead MoreInstitution as the Fundamental Cause of Long Tern Growth39832 Words   |  160 Pagesimportant because they help to allocate resources to their most eï ¬Æ'cient uses, they determine who gets proï ¬ ts, revenues and residual rights of control. When markets are missing or ignored (as they were in the Soviet Union, for example), gai ns from trade go unexploited and resources are misallocated. Societies with economic institutions that facilitate and encourage factor accumulation, innovation and the eï ¬Æ'cient allocation of resources will prosper. Central to this chapter and to much of political

The Existence Of God - 2601 Words

Truth, what is truth? This question itself has a thousand answers, no person can ever be sure of what truth is rather, truth can be justified, it can checked for reliability with strong evidences and logic. If the evidence proves to be accurate then it can be established that a certain answer is the truth. However, have we ever tried to think about what intrigues us to seek the truth? To think about a question and set foot firmly on the path of knowledge. Definitely it has! That was the very cause itself which is why this world has witnessed some of the greatest philosophers like Aristotle, Plato and Socrates etc. along with the school of thought. The ability to think and reason is one of the greatest ability humans have, it is what†¦show more content†¦The God, who keeps everything in perfect order, makes the sun rise and set. With the passage of time, there also have been scriptures appearing that support the existence of God. Stories, events and many supernatural occurren ces that is beyond human’s intellect. The Myths of Fire, Water, Earth and Air were famous for their supernatural existence in the Roman Era. Before the Ancient Greek religion turned into mythology, existence of God was well practiced by the Greek people. Homer, a famous Greek writer, writes in the ‘Odyssey’ about how if man does not follow the God and believe in them, then man will fall and be doomed. The Greeks were a very religious civilization. They showed that one could believe in the gods without having solid, concrete proof. Looking at this religion we can see that God does exist. However, opinions vary from person to person. Some may believe in one God (theism), some may believe in many gods (polytheism), believe that the universe is God (pantheism) and the belief that there is no God (atheism). I do believe in only one God, and that he exists. Atheists have long argued on the existence of God, they have constantly asked the questions about the evidences and proofs of the existence of God. First of all, they deserve to be congratulated because they have shunned blindly accepting a faith; rather going on to a reason based on logic and evidence. How I would establish an argument would be basedShow MoreRelatedThe Existence Of God : God1305 Words   |  6 PagesThe existence of God has been in question for as long as mankind has existed and thought logically. Many questions have plagued the human mind in regards to God, and there have been many arguments drawn with the hopes of proving the existence of a supreme being whom we know as God. The â€Å"God† question has been presented to every individual at some point in their lives. It is a topic that will bring forth never-ending questions and an equal amount of attempted answers. Many philosophers have formulatedRead MoreThe Existence Of God1304 Words   |  6 PagesIn this paper I’m going to argue that there exists only one God who is the most beneficent and the most merciful and that Blackburn’s claim for the existence of evil doesn t prove that there does not exist a God who is all knowing, all good and all powerful. Exposition:(349 words) In chapter five, Blackburn expresses his take on the existence of God. He believes that people with religious beliefs have to be evaluated â€Å"in terms of truth and falsity†. He thinks that that it is just the set of ritualsRead MoreThe Existence Of God s Existence1339 Words   |  6 Pagesidea of God. The existence of God is one of the most sought out topic that is frequently inquired. Is there really a God or is God merely a concept humans created to explain the unexplainable? And if God does exist, what makes him different from the rest of us? A well-known philosopher, St. Thomas Aquinas, introduced five proofs including the Cosmological Arguments of God’s existence, as well as explained some divine qualities that are associated with God. The nature of God’s existence is oftenRead MoreThe Existence of God1317 Words   |  6 PagesThe Existence of God For centuries, the idea of God has been a part of mans history. Past and present, there has always been a different integration consisting of the believers and the non-believers of God. The group of those who have faith in God tend to be related to one religion or another. On the other hand, the skeptics find the existence of God somewhat puzzling and try to seek the answers through scientific methods. Even as of today with all the modern technologies and the developmentRead MoreGod s Existence Of God936 Words   |  4 PagesNot Be Afraid to Explore More Than One Religion God’s existence sometimes does not exist to certain people. When it comes to the teaching and knowledge about God many people are not aware because they have never been taught about how God appeared on the earth. I choose this topic because I was one of those people who has never really been raised around certain religion nor about the teaching how God came to be. However, I have been taught that God does exist and that his son Jesus are the reason forRead MoreThe Argument On The Existence Of God1629 Words   |  7 PagesThe idea of God has been a part of man’s history for centuries. Since time began there has been various combination of believers, and non-believers. Individuals who believes in God, belong to many different religion. Whereas, skeptics find the existence of God somewhat baffling, and have continually sought answers to His existence through scientific methods. As the world progresses in scientific, and technological advancement, the human race still face s the question of God’s existence. Many philosophersRead MoreAtheism And The Existence Of God Essay1294 Words   |  6 Pagesevident fact that God exists. Whereas some atheists would claim that the theists bear the burden of proof since they are making supernatural claims. In the following essay I will be discussing both opinions on this matter, and perhaps show how the burden of proof lies on both of them and neither of them. I will begin this discussion by defining the recurring terms during the discussion on the existence of God. Traditionally the three attitudes one could hold towards the existence of God are theism, atheismRead MoreEvil And The Existence Of God1147 Words   |  5 PagesThis essay is based on how the problem of evil attacks head on into the existence of god who is all good, all powerful and all knowing. The problem of evil is a wide area that can t be outrun easily. The concept of evil has been problematic to many philosophers. When speaking about evil, we all have the idea that is the absence of good. For some religious people, Evil has been described as a supernatural force, although for others is been described as part of the human nature. Blackburn mainly raiseRead MoreEssay on The Existence Of God908 Words   |  4 PagesPopular Arguments For The Existence Of God The Ontological Argument One of the most important attempts to demonstrate the existence of God is the ontological argument of Saint Anselm, an 11th-century theologian. Anselm’s argument maintains that God, defined as the greatest being that can be conceived, must exist, since a being that does not exist would by virtue of that fact lack an attribute that contributes to its greatness. Critics have questioned, however, whether existence actually contributesRead MoreThe Arguments For The Existence Of God1056 Words   |  5 PagesNovember 2015 Rough Draft for The arguments for the Existence of God. The question Does God Exist? is a well-known asked question in the world. Most people believe they know the answer to it. The religious people would say, well of course he does, while the non-religious people or atheist would say no He does not exist. Because evil exist and chaos exists, God cannot be all-powerful. In the modern world, there are many different opinions as to whether a God exists or not. This has been an issue of great

Students staying in boarding house free essay sample

Factors Affecting the CPU-AT Students’ Preference in choosing Boarding Houses/Dormitories. In today’s academic society, students aim for higher degree of education to improve their respective socio-economic status and of their society as a whole. As they enter colleges, it is given that some, if not most, are away from their homes. As a result, students tend to seek for temporary residences such as dormitories or boarding houses for their own learning comfort. The dilemma of this situation is on how customers choose boarding houses and dormitories preferable to their lifestyle. It has become apparent that students distant from their hometown and families, when coming to the urban to study usually rented boarding houses/dormitories that pay for monthly rates. This helps them maximize their time in doing school work instead of traveling for long hours. Travelling drains enough energy for the body to access the state of rest which will be an inconvenience if you have a lot work to be accomplished for. We will write a custom essay sample on Students staying in boarding house or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Thus, boarding houses are not surprisingly located near school campuses. The reason is economic. This is because students want to save time and transportation fare. As students grew exponentially in number, there is more demand on room and boarding facilities that result to unmatched rise of demand. In catering services to customers, owners should always think of how they can provide maximum satisfaction. It is important to be sensitive of the individual concerns of each lessee to be able to support them from their essential needs. Respective lessor shall always provide basic necessities available at a favorable time; curfew, maintenance of tangibles, cleanliness and security must always take into consideration. This study aimed to discover the customer preferences of Central Philippine University Accounting Technology students on the manner of how they choose boarding houses/dormitories. Though this matter, boarding house/dormitory owners might be aware of the needs of their customers as to services to be offered in terms of safety, cleanliness, order etc.

Recommendations following analysis of the Shuzworld firms current management predicaments

Below is a list of recommendations from the study, the recommendations are backed up with statistical proofs as per their workability and possible outcome and they address the key four areas of concern which my analysis paid attention to.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Recommendations following analysis of the Shuzworld firm’s current management predicaments specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More How to improve the current workflow in the plant Workflow forms the backbone of this company and for its success, the workforce has to be catered for and their issues addressed as soon as possible to avert a looming industrial action that would precede any form of dissatisfaction form the employee. For productivity to be enhanced, employees must be motivated. The management of the firm is well motivated by the good working environment that the firm offers and they undertake their management duties with lots of enthusia sm. This is very good, however, it is of essence that other junior staff members of the firm feel the same way and work with a similar zeal, failure of which the firm with all its branches faces an eminent oblivion (Miller, 1995). Some of the key motivators that would increase work out put include the realization that money can be a major employee motivator. Employees; both the permanently employed and those on casual basis, must be remunerated in a manner which shows gratitude and instills a sense of self-worth to the workforce. A motivated employee is more likely to impact the firm positively, the firm must thus ensure that there is equity at the workplace and appreciate excellence and hard work put in by a given employee (Guest, 1964). Making the workforce competitive and providing some other incentives such as insurance and on job training opportunities would make these very fundamental members of the firm develop a sense of belonging. The feeling of patriotism would help safegu ard the secrets of the company and make the employees work with vigor for the overall good of the company. China, like the United States of America, is not a cheap labor market. To attract more employees, the firm must offer a very competitive remuneration. To record higher rate of production, the firm should double the number of employees. From the data provided by the Shanghai branch, the rate of production for the Rugged Wear Work Boot is as follows: Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With a doubled workforce, the timings in the chat above will be halved to come up with 5 minutes instead of 10 and so on. If that is not achieved, the rate of production would remain constant but made to run for a longer duration. The first half would report for the day shift and work at that same rate for the first twelve hours then the second bunch made to report for the night shift, this wa y, the production doubles and possibly the profits (Miller, 1995). As mentioned in the last bit of the paragraph above, production should resonate into profit for the firm in equal measure. This means that all the departments must be coordinated effectively to ensure that as the department of production increases output, its marketing counterpart determines markets for the very products. This way, there wills not a rise a backlog of unsold products which could result in the firm accruing loses. It would thus be prudent to make a claim that before the department of production increases or even doubles the number of employees, the department of marketing should first determine the market for the products that will be produced. The management is also faced with a major coordination challenge and these would all be wrapped up in the type of layouts that the company employs. Management and supervision go hand in hand, for effective management, the firm must be laid out as follows: Office Layout: the office constitutes the home of management and one management factor that must be taken into consideration is time. The office layout must be done in such a way that time is not lost moving from one faction to another. The offices must be made to run into each other so that the Chief Executive Officer does not waste time walking for a long distance to meet his vice president or vice versa. The facilities of the office too need to be incorporated into the office so effectively yet seamlessly enough to have the recourses of the company not depleted or wasted and at the same time the staff should not experience a shortage. A printer or a photocopier for example, could be centrally placed to serve an entire floor. The computers in the office too need to get interconnected to form an effective Local Area Network, and this would reduce time and make the sharing of equipment like printers possible. A fully automated office ensures that no document is lost and the access of the very document is easier because there will be no bulky filing system. Backing up the files of the company in some virtual cyber data backup system such as the one made possible by the cloud computing system enhances document safety and accessibility assuring the employees of a more secure system. The use of password limits unwelcome data access thus improving security (Guest, 1964).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Recommendations following analysis of the Shuzworld firm’s current management predicaments specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some other aspects of the company such as ware housing and retailing must be strategically located so as to ensure closeness to the market and convenience to the employees. Should a warehouse be located so far from the possible labor market, employees are more likely to shy away from the firm and this would impact negatively in the returns accrued by the company. However, s hould that be the case, the company must provide transport to and from the warehouse. This would cut costs for the employees thereby acting as a motivator to the middle employee. Analysis of the initial and ongoing costs needed for the new sandal line being introduced The company is introducing a new brand into the American market. To guarantee a good interdepartmental relation, it is evident that the department of marketing has already determined possible markets for the intended product. It is the market which dictates the pace of production in any given firm and this is evident even in the introduction of these commonly referred to Maui Sandals models. The market anticipates ten thousand batches, an amount that the firm hopes to manufacture for its Chinese warehouses. This would prove to be a very costly venture. Just as stated in the subsequent paragraphs, China is not a third world country and one should not therefore expect to find cheap labor in this market. This, coupled wit h the rates of fluctuating foreign exchange, the local taxing system and eventually the transportation costs would only mean that the firm sells the product at a higher price. High costs need to be a brand position that tags along quality. Luckily for the company, quality is one of its key product features. The sale of the sandals at a higher cost must be mapped out so effectively to avoid a product flop. Tying the price to the quality and class that the sandal promises would ensure that the target market does not shy away from the product despite its price, this means that the marketing department should be giving the figures it is providing alongside the intended market price. This way the company shall know how to balance costs thus avert any possible underperformance of the product. Below is a mathematical breakdown of both the initial and on going costs of manufacturing the new sandals:Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The market anticipates 10, 000 batches of the new shoes and with the first five batches estimated to take1, 000 labor hours. With the company labor cost averaging at $ 1.08 this would mean that the entire labor cost is: 1000*1.08= $ 1,080 but there is an additional hold: the 80% learning curve. A learning curve refers to the graphical representation of the knowledge that is retained in an individual after a lesson. An 80% learning curve implies that the employees are capable of retaining up to 80% of the knowledge they learn. This would only mean that the firm invests 20% more on a continued teaching program to ensure that the employees continue producing the exact type and quality of products as was intended. It would also mean that the initial batches would take longer to produce but the subsequent ones would be produced 80% faster, 20% of 1080 is $ 216. However with an average of 250 batches a month, 10,000 batches would last 40 months costing a total of 216*40= $ 8640. However, should the number of employees be doubled, the hours taken to produce any given batch would be halved and this would be a positive move. Producing these shoes faster would mean that they take the market by storm and the initial sales would boom, as the shoes stays for longer in the market, it creates space and room for imitations and these imitations would normally be introduced at lower prices. This stands to sway the undecided market or would appeal to the lower class that coincidentally forms the majority of any economy. Should that be the case with this products in the states of California and the South West which the firm targets then the company would have a scoop and quit the market when it is still ripe and profitable (Miller, 1995). Should that be the case, then the initial cost needed for the new sandal line would be $ 1296 dollars for labor only within the first five batches. Add this to the cost of raw material for the same batches and that would be $ 500,000. There are other bills that would need footing such as power and water bills, rent and miscellaneous expenses. The money lost to the foreign exchange and the stock markets all added to the cost of transporting the finished product back to the American market would extend the figure to approximately $ 825,000. The cost of continued production would be varied but stay at about the very figure established for the first five batches. This is because there are a number of market factors that influence the current costs of production. The costs of electricity differ and so is the rate of foreign exchange. It would be wise to try and find additional markets in China. This would help reduce the costs of transportation to America thereby increasing the market base. Staffing plan Staffing entails the process of recruiting labor. It is a very vital stage to the process of production. The techniques employed in recruiting the staff would lead to either a success or a failure of the firm. There are million s of people in China but Shuzworld would be interested in a very small fraction to facilitate the process of production. The process of recruiting must be properly guided by laid down procedures to ensure that only the best brains are admitted into the family. Admitting the best brains will help increase the learning curve. Currently, it stands at 80% and it would be only sensible that all those who are yet to come have a similar capacity. To retain the learning curve, the requirements set by the department of human resources like submission of a college diploma or bachelor’s degree in textile engineering would mean that only those who qualify are employed. However, not all employees would have to be highly schooled. There are those who would do jobs like running errands, packaging and loading. Such employees would not require any qualification, save for physical strength. The majority of those who would work in this project are the non skilled laborers and there is no better way of recruiting them other than on short term scheduling. The future of the company in China is not predictable given the current affairs in this region and the management problems it has. Keeping such a group on the short term scheduling makes managing them a lot easier for the managers and reduces risks. Techniques of managing them include the following: Contract: This is the best method of managing skilled labor in a formal way. An employee is hired on contractual terms for a specified duration. After the end of the period, should the company still be interested in their services, then they can be given an opportunity to renew their contract, otherwise, these individuals are laid off. Such individuals are paid the agreed terms and given the company benefits only for the period that their contracts are valid. However, as their duration comes to a close, they lose all the company benefits and are allowed to go home or seek alternative employment. Casual labor category The ca sual labor category is the one best fit for employing the unskilled labor. This is a contract in which the workers are recruited either daily of weekly after which they are paid for their work and let off. These are people who have no attachments with the company whatsoever despite for the man-hours that they spend in the company premises. This would save the company a lot of money because the workers would only be recruited when their services are needed. The firm would not be compelled by civil activists to cover them, save for the few hours that they spend in the company (ibid). These people are not entitled to any other benefit apart from their daily or weekly wages. In a nut shell, keeping the staff on the short term scheduling strategy is a profitable way of acquiring the labor cheaply. The company does not get entangled for longer periods with the employees. Some other cost effective long term benefits like pensions do not come into the picture thereby resulting into more sav ings for the firm. However, very many people are wary of the job insecurities related to contracts, to attract qualified employees, the firm would be advised to make the package for the contracted individuals look as enticing as would be possible. The pay package must be something worthwhile and the contracted employees be given the provision to renew and extend their stay at the firm as they deem fit. Allowing them to have periodic on job trainings would give them an additional asset should they chose to leave the firm and this would attract as many of them in the firm as possible. While on the contract, they should be given full medical covers and other additional benefits. The casual labor on the other hand is normally an open field with a willing buyer and a willing seller without any other constrains. However, the terms should be friendly and human enough to make the laborers work with passion and eagerness. Making the period of the recruitment weekly or even monthly and paying them in accordance to the amount of work they do would boost their morale at work and further spread the good reputation of the firm. This would ensure that the firm does not run short of cheap labor and could even influence the market for the company’s products in the country (Guest, 1964). References Guest, P. (1964). Brand loyalty revisited: a twenty year report. New York: New York Times. Miller, D.(1995). Acknowledging consumption: A review of new studies. London: Routledge. This essay on Recommendations following analysis of the Shuzworld firm’s current management predicaments was written and submitted by user Vivienne Wall to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

General Electric Academic Scholarship Essay

General Electric Academic Scholarship Essay Free Online Research Papers General Electric Academic Scholarship Essay I took my secondary education at Teleki Blanka Academic Grammar School in Szà ©kesfehà ©rvr in a class specialized in Math. During my secondary education I was found to be talented in science subjects, I showed a great interest especially in Math and Computer Programming. I also did successful in several competitions (Nemes Tihamà ©r National Computer Technology Competition, Arany Dniel Mathematic Competition), but I took part in many competitions in other science subjects like Physics and Chemistry. I always tried to fulfill the requirements conscientiously, and fortunately neither the art subjects were demanding for me, so I could easily pass the school leaving exam with an average of 5.0. During my high school studies I spent a lot of time on learning languages: English and German. Nowadays it’s absolute necessary to speak some foreign languages in all parts of life. After graduating from high school, I continued my studies at the Budapest University of Technology and Economics, I was majoring in Technical Informatics. In the first year I put emphasis on learning, and it seemed that I could cope with the difficulties of my university studies well. I could always pass all my exams for the first time with good grades. The average of all my grades in the first four semesters is 4.9. In the second year the Department of Telecommunication offered me an opportunity to work as a demonstrator. In the first semester I taught subject â€Å"Computer Programming Laboratory 1†, which consists of programming in Pascal language. In the second semester I also conducted â€Å"Computer Programming Laboratory 2† course, which consists of programming in C Language. Both my students and the department were satisfied with my work. I find it very interesting to take part in a department’s work. Earlier I only had a view on education from the students’ side, but now teaching gives me the opportunity to find out how it feels to share my knowledge with someone. I carry on with my work as a demonstrator this year, too. Due to my outstanding studies and activities I gained Scholarship of the Hungarian Republic in September 2003, which is one of the highest state awards for students in Hungary. This is a great honor for me. From July 2003 I’ve been working by Axis Consulting LTD as a part time developer. This job was really interesting for me, because I could make use of my knowledge, and I could experience how it goes working in a team. The project I took part in is now completed, so I can completely focus on learning. Usually I would like to take part in as many activities as I can, both curricular and extracurricular ones, but I try not to overload myself, because I think the quality of my work is more important than the amount of it. At the same time I always take care not to miss the deadlines, and to do a perfect work. Future plans I choose specialization at the end of the sixth semester. There are two main specializations that interest me, these are Networks, and Multimedia. The Networks specialization handles with telecommunication, local-and global networks, while the Multimedia specialization puts emphasis on the everyday use of computers. I think both ways of computer technology is going to develop dynamically this decade. As a preparing to my diploma work, in the next semesters I would like to find researches to take part in, and write draft plans or smaller publications. I expect that several opportunities will be accessible after my specialization, because I will have a much wider view on the departments’ researches, and today’s important technological problems. I‘m going to develop my language knowledge. I would like to complete my advanced examination in English, and take an intermediate professional exam. I would like to be able to speak German fluently, and complete my intermediate exam. A year spent abroad, would really help me in improving languages. If I got the opportunity to spend a semester at a university in Britain, I could make contacts abroad, so I could have a wider view on today’s technical problems and solutions. According to the experience of ERASMUS, a semester abroad costs about 1000$ for the students. With the support of the G.E. Foundation I would be able to cover the expenses of spending a semester abroad. After graduating I would like to continue my studies on Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics as a PhD. student. I think this is the best way to become professional in this branch of science, and to take part in serious researches. After graduating I also would like to take my second degree on Budapest University of Economic Sciences and Public Administration on the Faculty of Economics. I can take part only in non-subsidized education, because this would be my second university degree. The costs of a semester take up about 175.000 HUF (800$), which means 1600$ a year. The Scholarship of the G.E. would give me the opportunity to take part in the PhD. education on BUTE and do my studies on BUESPA at the same time without having a full-time or an intensive part-time job, so that I could focus on learning. These qualifications would give me the opportunity to have a wide view both on the world of business and the world of computer technology. After I learnt enough experience, I would like to hold a leadership position, because I think this would be the best way to realize my conceptions in the main fields of my interest. Besides financial support I expect other opportunities from this scholarship. As it’s written in the scholarship program – and according to last year’s winners – the scholarship student have the opportunity to participate in activities like conferences and annual seminars, where they can meet people and build contacts, that they could never or just hardly achieve any other way. The mentorship opportunity with GE Hungary can be very useful especially after studies, because it seems not to be easy to find one’s way in today’s world of business and jobs. After all, I think that gaining the scholarship is a great honor itself, and it could be a great help for me to carry out my ideas, if I use my opportunities effectivly. 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Breaking Bad Blue Crystal Meth Rock Candy Recipe

Breaking Bad Blue Crystal Meth Rock Candy Recipe Have you ever wondered what AMC used for crystal meth in Breaking Bad? Walts famous blue crystal meth is rock candy, not drugs! Here is a recipe to make your own blue crystal candy, perfect for a Breaking Bad party or snacks while watching the show. Of course, you can make the candy any color, flavor it, or even make it glow under a black light. Blue Crystal Ingredients You only need a few common cooking ingredients for this project: 3-3/4 cups sugar1-1/4 cups light corn syrup1 cup waterblue food coloring (or whatever color you like)1/2 to 1 teaspoon flavoring, such as vanilla, lemon, or cherry flavoring What To Do If you have a candy thermometer, be sure to use it. Otherwise, watch carefully for any darkening or browning of the sugar, which indicates youre getting the mixture too hot. Grease a cookie sheet. You can use butter, shortening, or non-stick spray.Stir the sugar, corn syrup, and water together in a pan over medium heat.Bring the mixture to a boil and continue boiling for 3 minutes.Stir in food coloring and flavoring, if desired.This is the part where the candy thermometer comes in handy. Increase the temperature to 300 Â °F. The goal is to melt the sugar and harden the candy, but not carmelize (brown) it. Once the mixture reaches the temperature, remove the pan from heat.Pour the hot mixture onto the greased cookie sheet. Be very careful! The candy is extremely hot and sticky at this point.Allow the crystals to cool completely. Use a mallet or hammer to break the crystals into pieces.Store your blue crystals in an airtight container, since humidity will make them sticky. To keep the crystals from sticking to each other, you can spritz them with nonstick cooking spray or dust them with powdered sugar. Glowing Blue Crystals If you want blue crystals that glow blue under a black light, replace the water in the recipe with tonic water. The quinine that produces the blue glow has a distinctive flavor, which you may like or may wish to mask with another flavoring. Learn More Breaking Bad ChemistryCrystal Meth FactsGrow Sugar Crystals or Rock CandyMake Maple Syrup CrystalsHoneycomb Bubble Candy Recipe

Stress coping, social support and quality of live for a patient who Essay

Stress coping, social support and quality of live for a patient who suffered stroke and partner (husband) that had to give up his job to look after his partner - Essay Example Sandra is unable to speak at this time which also means that she cannot work; her husband has to quit work so that he can take care of her. The purpose of this discussion is to design information that can help Sandra and her husband cope with what has happened and insure that they will have a quality of life. According to The Stroke Association (2009), there are many psychological changes that a person can experience after a stroke. Depression is a common result because a person must deal with physical changes that are different from what they experience before the stroke. Many people are not assessed for depression so it is a good idea for Sandra to have an assessment for depression. Fear and anxiety can affect an individuals psychological well-being because they have lost the ability to use part of their body or they have been affected in other ways. In Sandras case, she is unable to speak and she has lost the use of her right side. Sandra will need to adjust to this situation in order to be successful in rehabilitation. Although each stroke is different, because Sandras left side of her brain has been affected, she may experience outbursts of anger or she may find herself crying for no known reason (Stroke Association, Fact Sheet 10, p. 1). These bursts of anger and crying are often linked to their frustration of not being able to take care of themselves for their daily needs (Ryan, 2009, p. 1806). Many stoke victims have a loss of sexual desire, and perceived loss of control or "the relinquishing of defined roles" of their daily routine. (Thompson and Ryan, p. 1807). The family is also affected because initially it is a shock. Most people do not feel that they are going to have any health problems and a stroke happens suddenly and dramatically. Family members may also feel a sense of loss because the person they have known and loved is now different. The doctors cannot really determine how much recovery a person will

Case 1 Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

1 - Case Study Example 1. Innovation: Innovative approaches to cost-cutting like simpler ticketing system, personal TV for every passenger, uniform and efficient flight machines, usage of technology to reduce wastage, time etc have contributed to the successful establishment and sustenance of JetBlue during economic slowdown. Providing work-from-home opportunities for ticket reservations and planning also added to their cost-savings in infrastructure and staff. 2. Standardization: Low and uniform operating costs were an advantage to the then market conditions that demanded short passenger trips. Standardization in their services, like uniform class and trained interchangeable crew members also helped in saving costs and improving efficiency. 3. Competitive advantage: JetBlue’s cost-cutting strategies worked well while providing services better than counterpart low-cost airlines. JetBlue focused on cutting non-value adding costs to provide better quality. They invested higher amounts in equipment that required low maintenance; for example, personalised televisions versus meals; leather seats versus fabric ones. 4. Hiring: Neeleman’s strategy of hiring the best and experienced people in industry, like Dave Barger, and enthusiastic customer service professionals was advantageous of not only acquiring more customers but also in retaining their customers during testing times. 5. Customer focus: Their strong customer focus and genuine service helped increase customer base by word of mouth and also earn customer loyalty. Eventually, JetBlue has established a brand of its own with unique features and services. 6. Marketing strategy: JetBlue’s fun-filled and eye-catching marketing strategies that were supported equally by their practices were visible to and experienced by their customers, which helped improve their brand value. 1. Firm value and debt: JetBlue’s high debt makes

Case Study Child Development Project Essay Example for Free

Case Study Child Development Project Essay Abstract After an extended period watching and observing Adrian, the bystander is able to see where Adrian is developmentally. He is growing physically, mentally, and emotionally as a child his age, four years old, should be maturing according to many theorists. While he has not mastered all the required steps for his age group he is achieving more and more of them each day. The following case study will discuss where Adrian is excelling and where he still needs a little work. A Case Study about Child Development Adrian is almost four years old and lives with his parents and older sister in an apartment. His father is a financial advisor in a bank, allowing him to spend time with the family on the weekends, while his mother stays at home as a housewife. They have a lot of neighbors and no pets. Adrian loves trains, cars, dinosaurs, animals, juice, and being inside and outside of his house. His favorite movie is Cars. He does not like the word â€Å"No† and often ignores something when it doesn’t interest him. Adrian has fun, loving, goofy, energetic personality. Throughout this study, the observation of Adrian will take place at two places: his house, inside and out and his grandmother’s house. Physical Development Adrian developed normally through the prenatal, infancy, and toddler stages. He was born on August twenty eighth in 2010 by natural birth after a full term, normal pregnancy. At birth, he weighed eight pounds eleven ounces and measured twenty-two inches long, which according to the Center for Disease Control (2000), put him in the seventy-fifth percentile for weight and ninetieth percentile for length. As an infant Adrian’s mother, chose not to breast feed and instead gave him formula. As a toddler, Adrian hit all the  important milestones, according to his mother, included learning to walk which occurred around fifteen months. As Adrian progressed from a toddler to preschooler, he continued to progress as he should according to the normal growth and developmental process. At four years, he is forty-two inches tall and weights around forty-six pounds, keeping him in the same percentiles as birth, again according to the CDC (2000). Most of this growth occurred, as it should, during the toddler years. Even though Adrian just turned four he had accomplished many of the required gross and fine motor skills according Berger (Chapter 8), he can run, hop, jump, walk up and down stairs alone, dress and undress, use the bathroom on his own. I have witnessed Adrian running or jumping many times whether it be running to tackle someone for a hug or a warm welcome, jumping on the bed/couch usually when he gets excited about a movie or favorite cartoon, or when he is playing with his cousin who is just a few months older. Going up and down the stairs at his grandmother’s house, this is not a problem problem because Adrian gets plenty of practice due to must of the time he’s visiting his gradmother’s house. Using the bathroom is a big accomplishment for him, because it took him a long time and has only mastered it within the last few months. However, he still needs practice skipping and being comfortable using scissors. Adrian is right where he should be with his physical development. Cognitive Development Similarly to Adrian’s physical development his cognitive develop is also maturing at what theorist would say is a normal rate. Piaget and Vygotsky writes that upon reaching the age of four a child should be rapidly expanding his vocabulary, beginning to think intuitively but still thinking almost entirely on himself. He progressed through the building blocks of language beginning with babbling and moving through his first word around fifteen months and first sentence a little while later. While his mother does not know the exact time when he started babbling and spoke his first sentence, she does recall this never being a concerned about the development. Currently, he is speaking in full sentences that vary in lengths and purposes. He enjoys watching television shows about super heroes and if given the chance, he will spend large amounts of time, sometimes up to twenty minutes, telling his listener all about them. Adrian’s cognitive  development in the area of language has a lot to do with the fact he is inquisitive and seems to enjoy learning. According to many theories and developmental checklist a four year old should be able to count and should be drawn to letters and sounds. Adrian demonstrates an inclination to want to read and will often ask someone around him to read him his favorite book or play with the magnetic letters his mom bought him. Additionally, by playing games like Candy Land or Chutes and Ladders where he can count the required spaces indicating a beginning understanding of numbers. Another example a time when I noticed Adrian genuinely wanting to learn and wanting things to be perfect, he spent a few seconds growing more and more frustrated as he angrily smashed the top and bottom boxes together. Eventually, he got the two pieces together but not before tearing the corners of them. However, when someone stepped in and showed him how to correctly put the two pieces together he welcomed the advice and was then able to properly close the box. Like Vygotsky mentioned the mentor provide scaffolding, or temporary sensitive support, to help the developmental zone. After getting the box together, he started to think of ways to fix the box. He suggested taping it, and was excited when that idea was welcomed and put to use. This not only demonstrated intuitive thought but helped Adrian feel intelligent and begin to learn that it is perfectly fine and acceptable to ask for help when needed. Adrian is developing cognitively a little more everyday and seems to be on his way to accomplishing all the key milestones. His language skills are growing each day and he is learning to try new things on his own with the idea that he can always ask for help. Emotional/Social Development As with physical and cognitive development, observer is able to see that Adrian is attaining the social developmental milestones as he progresses to the preschool age. While Adrian hit all the important points through in infancy and toddlerhood. For example, he was always able to show a wide range of emotions, classified as a key achievement by Freud and Erikson. He was quick to show observers his happiness, sadness, confusion, or frightfulness. He also quickly established a secure attachment to his mother, another one of Ainsworth’s milestones. Adrian was child who needed and wanted to be with his mother and would cry or search for her as soon as  she left his sight. By achieving both of these Adrian was able to understand that he could trust people, which allowed him to make the transition from toddlerhood to the pre-school period successfully. As an energetic and, for the most part, easy going four year old, Adrian is accomplishing many of the expected landmarks yet needs more time to complete other. Observers can watch Adrian feeling safe and comfortable in areas other than those he is familiar too. Similarly, however, he can/will lose complete control of his temper and lash out violently to those around him. Other noticeable developments for Adrian are his ability to play with others, cooperatively and the idea that he is beginning to get a sense of gender. He enjoys playing games with his cousin who is just a few months older and they will play with cars or whatever suits their mood that day. He will also play board games, such as Candy Land or Chutes and Ladders, with the understanding that it is not always possible to win. Presently, he is fascinated with Wonder Woman and when asked why he likes her so much his response was because she is a girl and has boobs, as reported by Adrian’s mother. He is getting to the point also, where he understands that there are boys clothes and girls clothes, last year for example he enjoyed trying on the clothes his cousin received for Christmas. Yet this year, when his family went shopping and glanced through the area with all the children’s clothes he had no problem telling everyone which ones were for boys and which ones where not. Over all, Adrian is where he needs to be given he still has two years left in the preschool stage to improve and grow socially and emotionally developmental wise. Reflection This experience has taught me a lot about how preschoolers act and why they do the things they do. I truly enjoyed watching Adrian in a different, more professional light during the past few weeks. I cannot say I am thrilled with how I did everything throughout the project but for the most part, I am happy. By observing Adrian for specific characteristics in the areas of physical, cognitive, and emotional growth I was able to bring the lectures and information from class to life and am thrilled to be able to say I am leaving this class with the understanding of how a preschool-aged child operates. While I am happy about learning the Adrian is on target with his developments, I wish I could have observed him at different times and  places. Also, it would have been interesting to see how he reacted at different locations but that did not work like I had hoped it would have at the beginning, instead, I primarily just watched him inside his house: inside because it always seemed to be either too hot or rainy when I would visit. By completing this case study, I was able to accomplish a lot. I now have a much better idea of where a preschool-aged child is cognitively, emotionally, and physically and if that is the age. I really enjoyed being able to step out of my family role and see how Adrian is from a different, more professional standpoint.

Tattoos and Mainstream Culture :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Tattoos and Mainstream Culture Many people have been getting tattoos lately. People of all ages have been getting them and from all different backgrounds. On a nice day in just about any public place one can spot a tattoo about every five minutes, from the business man who had a portrait of his daughter put on him to a young girl with a butterfly on her ankle and even people with extensive tattoo coverage. What is even more interesting is the rise in the number of people who are heavily tattooed and that they come from all different backgrounds. Not too long ago tattooing did not experience the popularity in mainstream culture that it does now. The question that must be asked in order to understand this fascination that popular culture has had with tattoos is why people get tattoos. There still is a lot of intolerance towards people who have tattoos especially towards people who have a lot of them but these days a tattoo here and there is not looked down as it once was. There was a time when only "low lives," were thought of as having tattoos and people who had them were dirty criminals and should not be associated with. Due to the mainstream of the world not accepting the practicing of tattoos many tattooists and their clients went into an underground state. It was not always easy for people to even find a tattoo artist even if they were brave enough to be labeled a "low life" by the majority of culture. A lot of places even banned tattooing due to the fact that they thought tattooing was morally wrong and a health risk. Tattooing was still illegal in New York City until 1993. The mystery that surrounds the art of tattooing has always created ignorant ideas from people who are misinformed. Looking back at how people perceived tattoos then and how many "normal" people have them today shows a lot about how the world has changed, specifically in mainstream society. These days one can thrown a rock and hit a tattoo shop, but why the change of heart? Why are tattoos so popular now? Holly Tuesday, a writer for "Skin & Ink" tattoo magazine and heavily tattooed person said "We all, myself included, like to think that we stand out from the crowd.

Nursing Today Essay

Nurses these days have positive and negative images from the general public. Negative stereotypes portray nurses as being overbearing, sexual, and incompetent. For example: Naughty Nurses, Airheaded, and Doctor’s Handmaiden. These stereotypes are portrayed in the media constantly even though nursing is a challenging respectable profession. Some of the positive images that are portrayed by the public are strong, patient advocates, dedicated, trustworthy, profession highly in demand, and highly intelligent. There are numerous actions that can be taken to actively fight the negative stereotypes. It generally starts by promoting positive images of the nursing students. This could start at the college setting or even the clinical setting where a lot of interactions will be done with the general public and strangers. I also think that if you actively educate others on the true meaning of nursing then that would also help fight negative stereotypes. This could generally be done in health career fairs, schools, colleges, and health centers where nurses are actively involved. Also establishing public image committee in the local neighborhood or city would also help. There are also popular celebrities that actively help with stereotypes. For example: Christina Aguilera as both a nurse and patient, exploited negative stereotypes of nurses. If popular celebrities can take active role in helping stop negative stereotypes for nurses then anyone can. It would definitely take a lot of hard work to stop it but eventually the word would come across. Moreover, television nurses also promote positive nursing it’s understood that medical dramas are meant to entertain, not serve as documentaries. Nevertheless, media-driven messages are also very powerful, influencing the culture and collective mindset. There are numerous current images of nurses in the media and challenges nurses to engage in professional and public service designed to promote a positive media and public image of nursing. In conclusion, if we actively did take a part in stopping negative stereotyping for nurses or any other profession it would benefit and bring more respect to the nursing world. It doesn’t take much to down grade a rofession but it takes a lot of hard work and time to stop the negative stereotyping. As I listed examples above to help reduce negative stereotyping all it takes is active participants to bring a change. In this time and age we often get influenced by individuals very fast and so why couldn’t we actively bring positive influence to society and help the nursing profession in general to lower negative stereotyping. Because it will greatly help our profession of nursing become more respectable in society.

The Village

The Village Essay The film ‘The Village' by M Night Shaman, looks at a series of images which form the basis for portraying and shaping the story. M Night uses subtle symbols throughout the film resulting In the audience making up their own mind about certain events that take place. Using color as a main centre piece for the film is an effective way of communicating to the audience visually. The powerful imagery is another tool in which engages and speaks to the audience allowing them to interpret the film as they will.This essay will examine the way in which these Images and humbly get the message across without the use of excessive dialogue. It will also look at what the Images and symbols actually represent. Color Is an Important symbol throughout the film. The symbolic colors that are used are yellow and red. The auteur links two simple primary colors to represent the communities perceptions of good and evil. The elders create the Illusion that the red color attracts the mo nsters and the color yellow is the safe color which protects them from any danger.This gives the film a strong visual element. These two colors are bright as seen throughout the film and all other colors appear dull adding a greater emphasis to the colors red and yellow. This shows us that M Night does not rely on verbal conversation to bring about the symbols. The red flower is an indication of this, When we see the two girls sweeping and they see the flower they quickly bury the bad color in the ground. This also happens when Noah, who doesn't really understand the concept of color, picks the red berries from the woods putting them in his pocket.Later on Noah then offers the berries and places them in Ivy hand, she does not understand at first, obviously due to the fact that she is blind, until Luscious warns her. [â€Å"Oh. Berries! What a splendid present! † â€Å"Be cautious. You are holding the bad color. † â€Å"This color attracts those we don't speak of, you must bury It. You ought not pick that color berry anymore. † Ivy, Luscious This confirms that M Night is using the colors as a powerful symbol alerting viewers to the fact that colors are symbolic and represent the difference between good and evil.An Important Image to examine In the film Is when a monster has been spotted within the villages boundaries, Ivy is waiting for Luscious outside on the porch, Ivy holds UT her hand whilst in the background we can see a faint monster appearing from the darkness. This conveys to the audience the trusting nature of Ivy, she places an enormous amount of trust on Luscious hoping that he will be there. This also represents an element of bravery because the audience knows that the monster, at any moment, could come and attack her.However, we know that lb' Is not like other women from the village, she is not affected from her blindness. Instead she uses her other senses like sound and touch to compensate for It. [â€Å"Are you not angry you have OFF This shows us that Ivy does view the village differently when compared with the others in the community, however can still see the world, Just in a different light. She places trust in the hands of her friends and family to guide her. Symbolism occurs regularly throughout the film, M Night uses many symbols to illustrate not only his ideas but the storyline as well.The black boxes which are placed in the houses of the elders all contain secrets from their past. This symbolisms that The Village is essentially made up on a lie because all the elders have hidden secrets that they want to protect so they can keep the community safe from the outside world and all the violence in it. Luscious Hunt quickly catches on to the idea that there are secrets within The Village and knows that they are contained in the black boxes. [â€Å"There are secrets in every corner of this village, do you not feel it?Do you not see it? † Luscious Hunt 23:54-24:04] Once again M Night is addin g a visual element to the story thus creating the black boxes into a symbol for secrets. Another symbolic element to this film is the rocking chairs which are positioned on the front arch at every house. The rocking chairs represent strength in hard times, strength of the human spirit, whenever the characters of the village are feeling weak or anxious they will go and sit in the chair gathering strength which will then help them face the issues they have. â€Å"The moment I heard my daughters vision had finally failed her and that she would forever be blind I was sitting in that very chair† Edward Walker This confirms that the village characters draw strength through the use of the chair which now alerts the audience to the fact that the chairs present strength. The boundaries which surrounds the village are also symbolic. The boundaries represent the protection that the elders enforce to keep the village innocent.The elders are trying to protect the community from the violen ce and crime that takes place in the outside world, or so they would have you believe. U have kindness in your voice, I did not expect that. † 1:34:46-1 :34:53] This shows the audience that the outside world is far different from how the elders have concluded it to be, Ivy was surprised that the man was kind because she had been raised to live that the towns were full of hatred and crime.This film is heavily based on images and symbolism resulting in not as much need for an in depth narrative. M Night tends not to convey the story by using plain dialogue but instead uses strong images and symbols to get the point across in a visual sense. Color is the main symbol used in the film, using colors to represent good and bad gets the viewers to think and make assumptions based on certain colors. He also uses powerful images to convey scenes without any dialogue however still manages to get the message across.

How to Write a Critical Essay

How to Write a Critical Essay How to Write a Critical Essay Critical essay writing means a good understanding of the topic and requires deep analysis of the literary work and available criticism. It is one of the most difficult tasks for students to write critical essay because they should show their writing skills AND the way of thinking. First of all, you should try to understand and explain a chosen text. However, the critical essay must be well-organized, using appropriate language for a college-level paper. Before writing a critical essay try to find a problem in the text, do not summarize but analyze it. Take into account you reader's expectations, be sure that the reader is familiar with the literary text. Do nor retell the story, rather interpret its significance. Persuasive Essay The purpose of writing a persuasive essay is to influence or change reader's thoughts or opinions on a particular topic: Descriptive Essay Descriptive essay is one of the essay types which is assigned very often. Descriptive elements can be found in any kind of essay. The purpose of the descriptive essay is to describe people, events, anything else. The descriptive essay writing should be written in a such way that enables the reader to visualize the things being described. That's why it is very important to provide specific details. Description relies on emotions related to the points. Use verbs that can transfer your emotions to the reader. If you describe some events, try moving your reader through space and time chronologically. CUSTOM WRITING SERVICE In any paper that you write you should make points that are well-organized, supporting ideas that are clear and to-the point. Don't forget about outline which helps you to organize your ideas in a proper way. Use specific examples to illustrate your main points. Don't give your reader the impression that you are not educated on the issues related to your topic. Ordering custom essay writing service at you receive 100% plagiarism free essay written from scratch which meets your requirements. We are focused on quality and deliver essays only of premium quality. If you want to become a successful student, you are welcome to use our essay services! Popular posts: Writing a Research Paper APA University Research Proposal Sport Research Paper Shakespeare Research Paper Topics Research Proposal Guidelines

La-Z-Boy Recliner

La-Z-Boy Recliner Put your feet up, lean back, and relax. Most of us either own a La-Z-boy recliner or know a friend or family member who does. The innovative chair design was invented during the spring of 1928, about the same time Dr. Fleming discovered penicillin, Mickey Mouse starred in the first talkie cartoon, Steamboat Willie, and Lawrence Welk started intoxicating America with his champagne bubble band. Edward Knabusch Edwin Shoemaker Invent La-Z-Boy In 1927, the cousins abandoned secure jobs, joined forces, and invested in their own furniture business in Monroe, Michigan. Suddenly, Knabusch, a woodworker, turned into a marketer, and Shoemaker, originally a farmer, became an engineer. The locals thought they were crazy, but the Floral City Furniture Company flourished. La-Z-Boy Moves off the Porch and into the Living Room Automatic Adjustable Chair - Not a Good Name The Competition Gets Uncomfortable with La-Z-Boy With only a brief slow-down during World War II, the La-Z-Boy Chair Company continued to grow, adding new furniture pieces and changing designs to suit the times. La-Z-Boy workers now make more than 30,000 chairs and sofas each weekthats 6,000 a day. Continue Home Innovations

Competitive factors of YUM Brands (MNC) to succeed in the business Research Paper

Competitive factors of YUM Brands (MNC) to succeed in the business - Research Paper Example Yum brands, based on the co-branding strategy have built a vibrant global business by focusing on four key growth strategies (Uggla & Filippson, 2009): Another co-branding strategy has been to pair KFC with Taco Bell or Pizza Hut with Taco Bell. The co-branding approach has added 30% to its sales compared to singe brand units (Enz, 2005). As the competitors such as McDonalds and Burger King were trying to reinvent their strategies, Yum Brands adopted an unusual track of combining diverse brands in a single restaurant. This led to increased sales and improved efficiency. Apart from offering different products to a diverse segment, Yums has responded to the obesity and health concerns also by co-branding with health organizations. As such it partnered with Susan G. Komen for the Cure, a leading US breast cancer charity, to sell pink buckets of fried chicken (Freedhoff & HÃ ©bert, 2011). Through such partnerships the Yum Brands is trying to send the message that inactivity and not consumption of its calorie-rich product is the cause of obesity. Their biggest expansion is in China and they have adopted the localization strategy and localized the menu options (Burchett, 2011). That apart, they have also introduced fine dining in India and China which is different from the fast food sector. They have their own fast food Chinese restaurant – East Dawning – and the brand association with KFC has a strong impact on the Chinese consumers. To gain competitive advantage, Yums pursued the hybrid strategy. As per Porter’s generic strategies, their strategy could fall under the differentiation strategy as they offered higher perceived value. They did not go for cost-leadership strategy because they did not want to be perceived as low-cost brand. However, based on Bowman’s Strategy Clock, this is a hybrid strategy. Their prices are at par with the competitors but they offer higher

Tivo - Case Writeup Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tivo - Case Writeup - Essay Example Before the launch of TiVo, television viewing was more of a passive activity, with top programs vying for the prime time slot, season premieres drawing in huge audiences and advertisers trying to gain advantage of such high viewership by grabbing prime time space. The presence of a large TV viewing audience, the habits of audiences, popularity of television as an integral part of entertainment as evident from the data showing trends in purchase of TV, and the added ease of watching one’s favorite shows, in itself presented the required business opportunity to launch the new concept in the market. During the initial execution phase of the product, several factors were observed that played a major role in assessing various elements of its business model. The product’s price was estimated to be quite high which was apparently more expensive than most TV sets. Besides, lack of awareness proved to be a setback in reaching the target markets which made marketing and sale of t he product even more challenging since unlike other products in that category, TiVo required extensive explanations for its various features. Moreover, the advertisers showed concern over one of its features that allowed the viewers to forward advertisements. These factors guided the company to frame better policies and terms that would be beneficial to both the parties concerned. TiVo had a huge subscriber base comprising of 42000 subscribers, just fourteen months after its launch, with a strong and impressive current rate of 14,000 new subscribers per quarter. It had strategic partnerships with superstar brands – Sony and Phillips and subsidized them to manufacture, distribute and promote the black box to the retailers. Apart from the revenues from advertisers and subscribers, the other major source of revenue was through the sale of hardware. In order to penetrate the 102 million TV viewing households market in the U.S.,

Mediterranean Diet And Public Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mediterranean Diet And Public Health - Essay Example The diet has been found to reduce cancer and type 2 diabetes; however, the main disadvantage of this diet is its cost, which is very expensive. Human beings for a long time have devised various dietary methods in an attempt at living a healthy life by choosing carefully choosing what type of foods they eat. The Mediterranean diet is an example of such dieting whose primary principles include high consumption of fruits, vegetables among others. Besides these foods, the Mediterranean diet allows for a reasonable consumption of wine and wiry meats while discouraging the consumption of processed meals. Moreover, the Mediterranean way of life advocates for constant physical activity and a social support system while enjoying your meals. There have been growing criticisms regarding the Mediterranean diet with opponents raising questions on its wholesome nutritional values and the costs that come with maintaining it. It is important to note that the Mediterranean diet has been proven a healthy way of life that provides the body with all the essential elements. The Mediterranean diet is a healthy way of eating because it is a nutrit ional tactic that helps the body keep slim, sturdy and active. Sofi et al (2010) in their meta-analysis found that Mediterranean diet been can be directly linked to decreased mortality from all causes particularly cardiovascular disease. The diet is composed of essential mono and polyunsaturated fats, which can reduce the levels of cholesterol in the body, consequently reducing the risks of heart-related diseases. Most importantly, the diet is very low in saturated fats that can increase the levels of cholesterol in the body. However, it is important to note that the Mediterranean diet does not strive to limit the total fat intake but rather encourages the intake of fats and oils that are less harmful to the body such as olive oil that is the major source of fat in the diet.

Graffiti Impact on Society

Graffiti Impact on Society On a wall, there is something that gives a hint of cowardliness, vandalism, pain and beauty. And that is what draws us to look at it, and admire whats within it. The origins of graffiti can be traced back to the Roman and Italian empires, as early as 100 B.C. The word graffiti, is the plural form of the Italian word graffito, which means to write or draw on a public surface. Graffiti is one of the most controversial forms of art, viewed by many as a positive form of self expression, while others define it as an act of vandalism. On a wall, there is something that gives a hint of cowardliness, vandalism, pain and beauty. And that is what draws us to look at it, and admire whats within it. The origins of graffiti can be traced back to the Roman and Italian empires, as early as 100 B.C. The word graffiti, is the plural form of the Italian word graffito, which means to write or draw on a public surface. Graffiti is one of the most controversial forms of art, viewed by many as a positive form of self expression, while others define it as an act of vandalismOn a wall, there is something that gives a hint of cowardliness, vandalism, pain and beauty (Lynard Norris). And that is what draws us to look at it, and admire whats within it. The origins of graffiti can be traced back to the Greek, Roman and Italian empires, as early as 100 B.C. The word graffiti is the plural form of the Italian word graffito, which means to write or draw on a public surface (If its Hip its Here). Graffiti is one of the most controversial forms of art, viewed by many as a positive form of self expression, while others define it as an act of vandalism.the most controversial forms of art, viewed by many as a positive form of self expression, while others define it as an act of vandalism. For your subtopics, have you considered discussing: 1.) Some detail about the historical significance, applications, of early graffiti 2.) The evolution of the art form throughout time 3.) Graffiti as a modern, urban form of expression. 4.) Legal implications of this art form and any attempts to legalize or promote it? In ancient times, graffiti was carved on walls with a sharp artifact, or painted with organic pigments. It was mainly used to express political messages, and to inform the members of an empire about an upcoming event. Although these markings were often created by liberal citizens, they were also sponsored by the government, to show their social ranking, and intimidate those who did not obey their commands. These forms of early graffiti, mostly displayed magic spells, declarations of love, literary quotes, and stories about daily life in society (Graffiti). However, not everyone would dare to implement this form of art, because it was constantly penalized. Many of these inscriptions can still be found in sepulchers and temples, as well as pillars of important monuments, helping historians learn more about past civilizations. As history evolves, so does graffiti. Throughout the years, graffiti has been a cultural and aesthetical tradition that continues to cause controversies around the world. From its early days to the present, this form of art has always been among the most non ephemeral forms of human expression. As the times change, new forms of graffiti have been created. From scratches and paintings, to throw ups and peaces, the world has experienced the ever changing revolution of graffiti. Having a neutral connotation in two different spectrums from two completely opposite worlds (Shelby Sparrow), graffiti has modified and accustomed itself to fit in in all social classes, and atmospheres. Even though the techniques have changed, the attitudes have not. Everyone has a different point of view, agreeing or disagreeing with this act. Being a very biased subject, it reflects culture and art, however it also influences divisions in society (Jeremy Wegener). Now used by political activists to make statements, and gang members to mark territ ories, it is hard to define who is an illustrator, and who is a rebel. One can accurately infer who is involved in the modern graffiti movement, differencing a tagger from an artist by learning more about their forms of expression. I dont call what I do tagging, what I do is art. Its my thoughts, feelings and expressions. Tagging is going out and throwing up one line scribbles, I dont do that (Erick Ortega). In the late 1960s, a new form of art emerged. As one of the pioneers of modern graffiti art, CORNBREAD started to make himself known to the city of Philadelphia, by writing his name on train cars (At 149st). This radical movement was later called motion art. In 1972, Hugo Martinez founded the United Graffiti Artists Association, just a year after the New York Times Magazine published an article on TAKI 183, the first recognized graffiti Artist in America. Many people question who does graffiti, and why they do it, but the answers remain uncomprehended, rather than unanswered. To me, it [graffiti] means releasing stress or life worries, through a simple shake and spray of paint, I started hitting walls, and now Im addicted (Jaime Jackson). Those who dont call themselves artists or taggers, define themselves as writers. Because they dont only draw, they compose feelings, and show stories that they couldnt express in any other way. Among the many rules of graffiti, there are also various slang terms for the terminologies used, some of the most common include: Tag- to make a piece of graffiti, Toy- A new, inexperienced writer, Throw Up- One layer of spray paint filling in bubble letters that are outlined in another color, Hit/Hit Up- To tag, Wild style- A complicated piece constructed with interlocking letters, Fresh- Really good graffiti (Graffiti). Although these writers express many words with slang, they have a very open understanding of language, and literacy, applying it to their pieces of art, but leaving their thoughts for open interpretation. A lot of people dont even write anymore, we are forgetting the concept of literature, and ignoring the correct use of our beautiful language. I understand that graffiti can be a big problem, but when those individuals go out and capture an i dea that brings inspiration to others, thats when I feel proud of this urban form or art. They just need a place to do it, thats it. They shouldnt get in trouble for doing what they love (Crispin Sartwell). According to the San Diego Police Department Today, graffiti is a sign of urban decay. It has become everyones eyesore. Graffiti generates fear of neighborhood crime and instability. It is costly, destructive, lowers property values and sends a message that people of the community are not concerned about the appearance of their neighborhoods. It is also against the law!. In 2009, the maximum fine for tagging was $2,200, or 12 months of imprisonment (Law Link). These severe punishments have been driving taggers out of the streets, but not even these ultimatums can wipe out the graffiti environment completely. Cities all over the world, have been trying to put an end to this vandalism, but others have taken street art into galleries and museums, separating it from gang graffiti, which often has a poor taste, and is done strictly for marking territories. In New York City there are at least 20 art museums that promote graffiti art, and have used it to spread messages of peace and love ar ound the world. From stop signs that read war under them, to murals or public walls designed to show the consequences of a dysfunctional world, graffiti art is polemically inspiring people, one tag at a time. Somewhere in the world, there is a wall that is waiting to be read. Waiting to be judged, waiting to be admired. That wall is waiting to be discovered, and interpreted. This wall knows that it will be inspiring to some, maybe deceiving, or disappointing. It will bring creativity to someones mind, or anger to someones heart. But this wall will be discovered, and with it, different opinions will come. As we look around, we see that the world is in constant change, always being affected by those who habitat it. From the early days of graffiti, to the forms in which we now know it, art has shaped and rebuilt the basic idea of writing on a wall countless times. From hieroglyphics to carvings, to scratches, to oil pigmentations, to spray paintings, and from caves to tombs, to streets, to museums, graffiti keeps altering itself to match our world, and remain an active part of it. Graffiti art has always affected society, creating dilemmas on whether or not it is a true form of art or just a rebellious act. Why does graffiti exist? It began as a form of expression, a way of communication, and evolved to be a form of art, showing talent, and being available to all social classes.

Rap is Crap Essay examples -- essays research papers

Rap is Crap â€Å"She ain’t nuttin but a hoochie mama†¦Smackin’ on your lips, put your hands on your hips†¦She ain’t nuttin but a hoochie mama†¦Oh I love those big brown eyes and the way you shake your thighs, acting like you’re so damn cute...† Rap music with lyrics like this play on the radio and in home stereos every day. Rap music pounds messages of sex and violence into the minds of young adults leaving behind their sexist and repetitive influential messages. Music has a very powerful influence on our emotions, moods, and behavior. Rap music influences teenagers negatively by increasing violent attitudes and promoting sexual aggression against women. Very few people would argue the power of music. Mothers use it to rock their babies to sleep. Patriotic hymns can be used at rallies to evoke strong emotions of nationalism. Ballads have been used to incite rebellion. Some governments have viewed music so powerful that they ban it. In white dominated South Africa, centers of African music were destroyed and western music was declared forbidden in China during the Cultural Revolution. Is music powerful enough to incite antisocial and violent behavior? According Johnson, Jackson and Gatto’s study on the deleterious effects of exposure to rap music, subjects in the violent exposure conditions (rap music) expressed greater acceptance of violence. Subjects in the violent exposure condition also reported a higher probability that they would engage in violence (Johnson). Music plays an i...

Prewriting: Attitudes Toward Women Essay

1. INTRODUCTION a. Thesis Statement: With different motivations, but similar intentions the word choices and poetic rhetorical devices of the speakers reveal their attitudes toward women. Using persuasive techniques and extensive figurative language to compare and contrast Browning’s, â€Å"My Last Duchess,† and Marvell’s, â€Å"To His Coy Mistress,† it becomes clear that the main goal of the characters in these poems is their need to be the dominant force over the opposite sex. 2. Attitudes Towards Women Demonstrated in Poetry a. Illustrate how the speakers in each of the poems are trying to persuade women i. In the Duke’s case, it’s the envoy and in the speaker’s case, the woman. b. Both the characters aims are the same, but their motivations are different i. The speaker in â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† seems like a respectful man, who is articulate, this is important because it is his main strength which he uses to lure her to him. ii. The use of time to symbolize sex=self (To His Coy Mistress) †¢ The speaker of the poem is infatuated with a woman who won’t give him the time of day. The speaker chases the woman and he proposes that time is flying by and they should grab it and run as fast as they can. â€Å"Had we but world enough and time, /this coyness, lady, were no crime.† iii. The Duke in â€Å"My Last Duchess† is an arrogant, disrespectful man, who cares more about status and wealth then love. 3. Women are presented as objects of beauty and pleasur e a. Describe the tone and figurative language—imagery, simile, hyperbole, etc.—used to present woman as objects rather than their importance as human beings i. Elaborate on men only appreciating women for their physical appearance and ability to please their partner †¢ In ‘To His coy Mistress’, the woman is portrayed as beautiful, â€Å"The youthful hue sits on the skin like morning dew.† Here, the speaker praises the fair complexion of the woman through the use of simile. †¢ Similarly, in ‘My Last Duchess’, the Duke makes comments regarding his ex-duchess being captivating and alluring. â€Å"That’s my last duchess painted on the wall, looking as if she were alive. I call that a piece a wonder†. Here the Duke tries to impress the envoy with his ex-Duchess’s beauty as he stops to admire the painting of her. 4. The value of love versus total disregard for the role of women in society a. Compare and contrast the reasons each poem portrays both of these ideas b. To His Coy Mistress=values woman and the love they give i. Based on the speakers urge, or motives, for a sexual relationship with the lady ii. Describe the speakers polite techniques to praise and persuade, and how they develop into impatience and desperateness c. My Last Duchess=humiliates the role of women in society i. Show how women are viewed/treated as inferior and easily manipulated ii. Confirm the fact that because the Duchess did not depend on the Duke completely, she terrorized him. iii. Analyze the death— the speaker refers to the portrait of the wife he murdered as â€Å"My last duchess.† It hints that she was not his only duchess and that he might have had several wives before this â€Å"last† or â€Å"latest† one. 5. Mans obsession with domination over woman (need for submissiveness) a. The men in both poems want to feel like they are ranked higher than the women. They want to feel powerful and be controlling, aiming only to please and seek pleasure for themselves. 6. Mans insecurity in the absence of women dependence a. Answer the question: are men weakened by their dependency on the power they have over women? i. In To His Coy Mistress, although the speaker appears thoughtful and genuine, he is preoccupied with pursing an attractive and captivating young woman in all hopes of making love with her. No strings attached. ii. In My Last Duchess, When the Duke had the Duchess killed; it was a threat to all women. The Duke had the Duchess murdered because she did not worship her husband.

Project on Comparison of Public and Private Sector Banking

Genesis The banking sector has been undergoing a complex, but comprehensive phase of  restructuring since 1991, with a view to make it sound, efficient, and at the same time it isforging its links firmly with the real sector for promotion of savings, investment and  growth. Although a complete turnaround in banking sector performance is not expected till thecompletion of reforms, signs of improvement are visible in some indicators under theCAMELS framework. Under this bank is required to enhance capital adequacy, strengthenasset quality, improve management, increase earnings and reduce sensitivity to variousfinancial risks.The almost simultaneous nature of these developments makes it difficult todisentangle the positive impact of reform measures. In 1994, the RBI established the Board of Financial Supervision, which operates as a unit of  the RBI. The entire supervisory mechanism was realigned to suit the changing needs of astrong and stable financial system. The supervisory ju risdiction of the BFS was slowlyextended to the entire financial system barring the capital market institutions and theinsurance sector. Its mandate is to strengthen supervision of the financial system byintegrating oversight of the activities of financial services firms.The BFS has alsoestablished a sub-committee to routinely examine auditing practices, quality, and coverage. In 1995, RBI had set up a working group under the chairmanship of Shri S. Padmanabhan toreview the banking supervision system. The Committee gave certain recommendations and  based on such suggestions a rating system for domestic and foreign banks based on theinternational CAMELS model combining financial management and sensitivity to marketrisks element was introduced for the inspection cycle commencing from July 1998.Itrecommended that the banks should be rated on a five point scale (A to E) based on the linesof international CAMELS rating model. CAMELS rating model measures the relativesoundness of a bank . bj ectives of the Pro j ect Study ?To study the Financial Performance of the b anks.? y To study the strength of using CAMELS framework as a tool of Performanceevaluation for Commercial banks y To describe the CAMELS model of ranking banking institutions, so as to analyze  the  performance of various bank. R ationaleIn the recent years the financial system especially the banks have undergone numerouschanges in the form of reforms, regulations & norms. The attempt here is to see how variousratios have been used and interpreted to reveal a bank ¶s performance and how this particular  model encompasses a wide range of parameters making it a widely used and accepted modelin today ¶s scenario. Data Collection y Primary Data : Primary data was collected  from the Banks ¶ balance sheets and profitand loss statements. y Secondary Data : Secondary data on the subject was collected from ICFAI journals,Banks ¶ annual reports and RBIM ethodologyAs long as the methodology is co ncerned, we have made use of a framework calledCAMELS FRAMEWORK. There are so many models of evaluating the performance of the  banks, but I have chosen the CAMELS Model for this purpose. I have gone through several  books, journals and websites and found it the best model because it measures the  performance of the banks from each parameter i. e. Capital, Assets, Management, Earnings,Liquidity and Sensitivity to  Market risks. CAMELS evaluate banks on  the following six parameters : -? Capital Adequacy (CRAR)? Asset Quality (GNPA)? Management Soundness (MGNT)?Earnings & profitability (ROA)? Liquidity (LQD)? Sensitivity to Market  Risks (? ) websitDuring an on-site bank exam, supervisors gather private information, such as details on  problem loans, with which to evaluate a bank's financial condition and to monitor itscompliance with laws and regulatory policies. A key product of such an exam is asupervisory rating of the bank's overall condition, commonly referred to as a CAMELSrating. The acronym â€Å"CAMEL† refers to the five components of a bank's condition that areassessed : Capital adequacy, Asset quality, Management, Earnings, and Liquidity.A sixthcomponent, a bank's Sensitivity to market risk was added in 1997; hence the acronym waschanged to CAMELSAMELS is basically a ratio-based model for evaluating the performance of banks. Variousratios forming this model are explained below : Capital base of financial institutions facilitates depositors in forming their risk perceptionabout the institutions. Also, it is the key parameter for financial managers to maintainadequate levels of capitalization. The most widely used indicator of capital adequacy iscapital to risk-weighted assets ratio (CRWA).According to Bank Supervision RegulationCommittee (The Basle Committee) of Bank for International Settlements, a minimum 9  percent CRWA is required. Thus, it is useful to track capital-adequacy ratios that take intoaccount the most important financial risks? foreign exchange, credit, and interest raterisks? by assigning risk weightings to the institution ¶s assets. A sound capital basestrengthens confidence of depositors. This ratio is used to protect depositors and promote thestability and efficiency of financial systems around the world. Capital R isk Adequacy R atio:CRAR is a ratio of Capital Fund to Risk Weighted Assets. Reserve Bank of India prescribesBanks to maintain a minimum Capital to risk-weighted Assets Ratio (CRAR) of 9 % withregard to credit risk, market risk and operational risk on an ongoing basis, as against 8 %  prescribed in Basel documents. Component-wise Capital Adequacy of ScheduledCommercial Banks (As at end- M arch) Capital to R isk W eighted Assets R atio- Bank Group-wise Total capital includes tier-I capital and Tier-II capital. Tier-I capital includes paid up equitycapital, free reserves, intangible assets etc.Tier-II capital includes long term unsecuredloans, loss reserves, hybrid debt ca pital instruments etc. The higher the CRAR, the stronger  is considered a bank, as  it ensures high safety against bankruptcy. Asset quality determines the robustness of financial institutions against loss of value in theassets. The deteriorating value of assets, being prime source of banking problems, directly  pour into other areas, as losses are eventually written off against capital, which ultimately  jeopardizes the earning capacity of the institution. With this backdrop, the asset quality isgauged n relation to the level and severity of non-performing assets, adequacy of  Ã‚  provisions, recoveries, distribution of assets etc. Popular indicators include non-performingloans to advances, loan default to total advances, and recoveries to loan default ratios. One of the indicators for asset quality is the ratio of non-performing loans to total loans(GNPA). The gross non-performing loans to gross advances ratio is more indicative of thequality of credit decisions made by bankers. Higher GNPA is indicative of poor creditdecision-making. N PA: N on-Performing Assets:Advances are classified into performing and non-performing advances (NPAs) as per RBIguidelines. NPAs are further classified into sub-standard, doubtful and loss assets based onthe criteria stipulated by RBI. An asset, including a leased asset, becomes non-performingwhen it ceases to  generate income for the Bank. An NPA is a loan or an advance where : 1. Interest and/or installment of principal remains overdue for a period of more than 90days in respect of a term loan;2. The account remains â€Å"out-of-order† in respect of an Overdraft or Cash Credit(OD/CC);3.The bill remains overdue for  a period of more than  90 days in case of bills purchasedand discounted;4. A loan granted for short duration crops will be treated as an NPA if the installmentsof principal or interest thereon remain overdue  for two crop seasons; and5. A loan granted for long duration crops will be treat ed as an NPA if the installmentsof principal or interest thereon remain overdue  for one crop season. The Bank classifies an account as an NPA only if the interest imposed during any quarter isnot fully repaid within 90 days from the end of the relevant quarter. This is a key to thestability of the banking sector.There should be no hesitation in stating that Indian bankshave done a remarkable job in containment of non-performing loans (NPL) considering theoverhang issues and overall difficult environment. For 2008, the net NPL ratio for the Indianscheduled commercial banks at 2. 9 per cent is ample testimony to the impressive efforts  being made by our banking system. In fact, recovery management is also linked to the  banks ¶ interest margins. The cost and recovery management supported by enabling legalframework hold the key to future health and competitiveness of the Indian banks.No doubt,improving recovery-management in India is an area requiring expeditious and effective actions in legal, institutional and judicial processes. Management of financial institution is generally evaluated in terms of capital adequacy,asset quality, earnings and profitability, liquidity and risk sensitivity ratings. In addition,  performance evaluation includes compliance with set norms, ability to plan and react tochanging circumstances, technical competence, leadership and administrative ability. Ineffect, management rating is just an amalgam of performance in the above-mentioned areas.Sound management is one of the most important factors behind financial institutions ¶Ã‚  performance. Indicators of quality of management, however, are primarily applicable toindividual institutions, and cannot be easily aggregated across the sector. Furthermore, giventhe qualitative nature of management, it is difficult to judge its soundness just by looking atfinancial accounts of the banks. Nevertheless, total expenditure to total income and operating expense to total expense helps in gauging the management quality of the banking institutions.Sound management is key to  bank performance but is difficult to measure. It is primarily a qualitative factor applicable toindividual institutions. Several indicators, however, can jointly serve? as, for instance,efficiency measures do-as an indicator of management  soundness. The ratio of non-interest expenditures to total assets (MGNT) can be one of the measures toassess the working of the management. . This variable, which includes a variety of expenses,such as payroll, workers compensation and training investment, reflects the management  policy stance. E fficiencyR atios demonstrate how efficiently the company uses its assets and howefficiently the company manages its operations. Indicates the relationship between assets and revenue. ? Companies with low profit margins tend to have high asset turnover, those with high  profit margins have low asset turnover – it indicates pricing strategy. ? This rati o is more useful for growth companies to check if in fact they are growingrevenue in proportion to sales. Asset Turnover Analysis: This ratio is useful to determine the amount of sales that are generated from each rupee of  assets.As noted above, companies with low profit margins tend to have high asset turnover,those with high profit margins have low asset turnover. Earnings and profitability, the prime source of increase in capital base, is examined withregards to interest rate policies and adequacy of provisioning. In addition, it also helps tosupport present and future operations of the institutions. The single best indicator used togauge earning is the Return on Assets (ROA), which is net income after taxes to total assetratio. Strong earnings and profitability profile of banks reflects the ability to support present andfuture operations.More specifically, this determines the capacity to  absorb losses, finance itsexpansion, pay dividends to its shareholders, and build up a n adequate level of capital. Being front line of defense against erosion of capital base from losses, the need for highearnings and profitability can hardly be overemphasized. Although different indicators areused to serve the purpose, the best and most widely used indicator is Return on Assets(ROA). However, for in-depth analysis, another indicator Net Interest Margins (NIM) is alsoused. Chronically unprofitable financial institutions risk insolvency.Compared with mostother indicators, trends in profitability can be more difficult to interpret-for instance,unusually high profitability can reflect excessive risk taking. R O A- R eturn on Assets: An indicator of how  profitable a company is relative to its total assets. ROA gives an  idea asto how efficient management is at using its assets to generate earnings. Calculated bydividing a company's annual earnings by its total assets, ROA is displayed as a percentage. Sometimes this is referred to as â€Å"return on investment†. ROA tells what earnings were generated from invested capital (assets).ROA for publiccompanies can vary substantially and will be highly dependent on the industry. This is why when using ROA as a comparative measure, it is best to compare it against a company's  previous ROA numbers or the  ROA of a similar company. The assets of the company are comprised of both debt and equity. Both of these types of  financing are used to fund the operations of the company. The ROA figure gives investorsan idea of how effectively the company is converting the money it has to invest into netincome. The higher the ROA number, the better, because the company is earning moremoney on less investment.For example, if one company has a net income of $1 million andtotal assets of $5 million, its ROA is 20%; however, if another company earns the sameamount but has total assets of $10 million, it has an ROA of 10%. Based on this example,the first company is better at converting its investment into profit. When you really think  about it, management's most important job is to make wise choices in allocating itsresources. Anybody can make a profit by throwing a ton of money at a problem, but veryfew managers excel at  making large profits with little investment. R eturn on Assets and R eturn on E quity of SCBs- Bank Group-wiseAn adequate liquidity position refers to a situation, where institution can obtain sufficientfunds, either by increasing liabilities or by converting its assets quickly at a reasonable cost. It is, therefore, generally assessed in terms of overall assets and liability management, asmismatching gives rise to liquidity risk. Efficient fund management refers to a situationwhere a spread between rate sensitive assets (RSA) and rate sensitive liabilities (RSL) ismaintained. The most commonly used tool to evaluate interest rate exposure is the Gap  between RSA and RSL,  while liquidity is gauged by liquid to total asset ratio.Initially solvent financial institutions may be driven toward closure by poor management of  short-term liquidity. Indicators should cover funding sources and capture large maturitymismatches. The term liquidity is used in various ways, all relating to availability of, accessto, or convertibility into cash. ? An institution is said to have liquidity if it can easily meet its needs for cash either  Ã‚  because it has cash on  hand or can otherwise raise or borrow cash. ? A market is said to be liquid if the instruments it trades can easily be bought or soldin quantity with little impact on market prices. ?An asset is said to be liquid if the  market for that asset is liquid. The common theme in all three contexts is cash. A corporation is liquid if it has ready accessto cash. A market is liquid if participants can easily convert positions into cash? or  conversely. An asset is liquid if it can easily be converted to cash. The liquidity of aninstitution depends on : y the institution's short-term need for cash; y cash on hand; y available lines of credit; y the liquidity of the  institution's assets; y The institution's reputation in the marketplace? how willing will counterparty is totransact trades with or lend to the  institution?The liquidity of a market is often measured as the size of its bid-ask spread, but this is animperfect metric at best. More generally, Kyle (1985) identifies three components of marketliquidity : ? Tightness is the bid-ask spread; ? Depth is the volume of transactions necessary to  move prices; ? Resiliency is the speed with which prices return to equilibrium following a largetrade. Examples of assets that tend to be liquid include foreign exchange; stocks traded in theStock Exchange or recently issued Treasury bonds. Assets that are often illiquid includelimited partnerships, thinly traded bonds or real estate.Cash maintained by the banks and balances with central bank, to total asset ratio (LQD) isan indicator of bank's liquidity. In general, banks with a larger volume of liquid assets are  perceived safe, since these assets would allow  banks to meet unexpected  withdrawals. Credit deposit ratio is a tool used to study the liquidity position of the bank. It is calculated  by dividing the cash held in different forms by total deposit. A high ratio shows that there ismore amounts of liquid cash with the bank to met its clients cash withdrawals. It refers to the risk that changes  in market conditions could adversely impact earnings and/or  capital.Market Risk encompasses exposures associated with changes in interest rates, foreignexchange rates, commodity prices, equity prices, etc. While all of these items are important,the primary risk in most banks is interest rate risk (IRR), which will be the focus of thismodule. The diversified nature of bank operations makes them vulnerable to various kindsof financial risks. Sensitivity analysis reflects institution ¶s exposure to interest rate risk,foreign exchange volatility and equity price risks (these risks are summed in market risk). Risk sensitivity is mostly evaluated in terms of management ¶s ability to monitor and controlmarket risk.Banks are increasingly involved in diversified operations, all of which are subject to marketrisk, particularly in the setting of interest rates and the carrying out of foreign exchangetransactions. In countries that allow banks to make trades in stock markets or commodityexchanges, there is also a  need to monitor indicators of equity and commodity price risk. Sensitivity to Market Risk is a recent addition to the ratings parameters and reflects thedegree to which changes in interest rates, exchange rates, commodity prices and equity  prices can affect earnings and  hence the bank ¶s capital. It  is measured by Beta (? . 1. ? ;1, depicts that changes in the firm are less than the changes in the market. LessSensitive2. ? =1, depicts that there is equivalent change in the firm with the changes i n themarket Equally Sensitive. 3. ? ;1, depicts that changes in the firm are more than the changes in the market. Highly Sensitive. The Bank The word bank means an organization where people and business can invest or borrowmoney; change it to foreign currency etc. According to Halsbury ? A Banker is an individual,Partnership or Corporation whose sole pre-dominant business is banking, that is the receiptof money on current or deposit ccount, and the payment of cheque drawn and the collectionof cheque paid in by a customer.  ¶Ã‚ ¶ The O rigin and Use of Banks The Word  µBank ¶ is derived from the Italian word  µBanko ¶ signifying a bench, which waserected in the market-place, where it was customary to exchange money. The Lombard Jewswere the first to practice this exchange business, the first bench having been established inItaly A. D. 808. Some authorities assert that the Lombard merchants commenced the  business of money-dealing, employing bills of exchange as remittance s, about the beginningof the thirteenth century.About the middle of the twelfth century it became evident, as the advantage of coinedmoney was gradually acknowledged, that there must be some controlling power, somecorporation which would undertake to keep the coins that were to bear the royal stamp up toa certain standard of value; as, independently of the  µsweating ¶ which invention may place tothe credit of the ingenuity of the Lombard merchants- all coins will, by wear or abrasion,  become thinner, and consequently less valuable; and it is of the last importance, not only for  the credit of a country, but for the easier regulation of commercial transactions, that themetallic currency be kept as nearly as possible up to the legal standard. Much unnecessarytrouble and annoyance has been caused formerly by negligence in this respect. The gradualmerging of the business of a goldsmith into a bank appears to have been the way in which  banking, as we now understand the term, was introduced into England; and it was not untillong after the establishment of banks in other countries-for state purposes, the regulation of  the coinage, etc. that any large or similar institution was introduced into England.It is onlywithin the last twenty years that printed cheques have  been in use in that establishment. Firstcommercial bank was Bank of Venice which was established in 1157  in Italy. Banking sector, the world over, is known for the adoption of multidimensional strategiesfrom time to time with varying degrees of success. Banks are very important for the smoothfunctioning of financial markets as they serve as repositories of vital financial informationand can potentially alleviate the problems created by information asymmetries. From acentral bank ¶s perspective, such high-quality disclosures help the early detection of  Ã‚  problems faced by banks in the market and reduce the severity of market disruptions.Consequently, the RBI as part and parcel of the financial sector deregulation, attempted toenhance the transparency of the annual reports of Indian banks by, among other things,introducing stricter income recognition and asset classification rules, enhancing the capitaladequacy norms, and by requiring a number of additional disclosures sought by investors tomake better cash flow and risk assessments. [Source : RBI Website] BAS EL – II ACC O R D Bank capital framework sponsored by the world's central banks designed to promoteuniformity, make regulatory capital more risk sensitive, and promote enhanced risk  management among large, internationally active banking organizations. The InternationalCapital Accord, as it is called, will be fully effective by January 2008 for banks active ininternational markets. Other banks can choose to â€Å"opt in,† or they can continue to follow theminimum capital guidelines in the original Basel Accord, finalized in 1988.The revisedaccord (Basel II) completely overhauls the 1988 Basel Accord and is based on threemutually supporting concepts, or  Ã¢â‚¬Å"pillars,† of capital adequacy. The first of these pillars is anexplicitly defined regulatory capital requirement, a minimum capital-to-asset ratio equal toat least 8% of risk-weighted assets. Second, bank supervisory agencies, such as theComptroller of the Currency, have authority to adjust capital levels for individual banksabove the 9% minimum when necessary. The third supporting pillar calls upon marketdiscipline to supplement reviews by banking agencies. Basel II is the second of the Basel Accords, which are recommendations on banking lawsand regulations issued by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision.The purpose of  Basel II, which was initially published in June 2004, is to create an international standardthat banking regulators can use when creating regulations about how much capital banksneed to put aside to guard against the types of financial and operational risks banks face. Advocat es of Basel II believe that such an international standard can help protect theinternational financial system from the types of problems that might arise should a major  Ã‚  bank or a  series of banks collapse. In practice, Basel II attempts to accomplish this by settingup rigorous risk and capital management requirements designed to ensure that a bank holdscapital reserves appropriate to the risk the bank exposes itself to through its lending andinvestment practices. [Source : RBI Website] The final version aims at: 1.Ensuring that capital allocation is more risk sensitive;2. Separating operational risk from credit risk, and quantifying both;3. Attempting to align economic and regulatory capital more closely to reduce thescope for regulatory arbitrage. While the final accord has largely addressed the regulatory arbitrage issue, there are stillareas where regulatory capital requirements will diverge from the economic. Basel II has largely left unchanged the question of how to ac tually define bank capital,which diverges from accounting equity in important respects. The Basel I definition, asmodified up to the present, remains in place. The Accord in operation Basel II uses a â€Å"three pillars† concept y inimum capital requirements (addressing risk), y supervisory review and y market discipline  ± to promote greater stability in the financial system. The Basel I accord dealt with only parts of each of these pillars. For example : with respectto the first Basel II pillar, only one risk, credit risk, was dealt with in a simple manner whilemarket risk was an afterthought; operational risk was not  dealt with at all. The First Pillar The first pillar deals with maintenance of regulatory capital calculated for three major  components of risk that a bank faces : credit risk, operational risk and market risk. Other  risks are not considered fully quantifiable at this stage.The credit risk component can be calculated in three different ways of varyi ng degree of  sophistication, namely standardized approach, Foundation IRB and Advanced IRB. IRBstands for â€Å"Internal Rating-Based Approach†. For operational risk, there are three different approaches – basic indicator approach,standardized approach and advanced measurement approach. For market risk the preferredapproach is VaR (value at  risk). As the Basel II recommendations are phased in by the banking industry it will move fromstandardized requirements to more refined and specific requirements that have beendeveloped for each risk category by each individual bank. The upside for banks that dodevelop their own bespoke risk measurement systems is that they will be rewarded with  potentially lower risk capital requirements.In future there will be closer links between theconcepts of economic profit and regulatory capital. Credit Risk can be calculated by using one of three approaches : 1. Standardized Approach2. Foundation IRB (Internal Ratings Based) Approac h3. Advanced IRB ApproachThe standardized approach sets out specific risk weights for certain types of credit risk. Thestandard risk weight categories are used under Basel 1 and are 0% for short termgovernment bonds, 20% for exposures to OECD Banks, 50% for residential mortgages and 100% weighting on commercial loans. A new 150% rating comes in for borrowers with poor  credit ratings. The minimum capital requirement (the percentage of risk weighted assets to  be held as capital) has remains at  8%.For those Banks that decide to adopt the standardized ratings approach they will be forced torely on the ratings generated by external agencies. Certain Banks are developing the IRBapproach as a result. The Second Pillar The second pillar deals with the regulatory response to the first pillar, giving regulatorsmuch improved ‘tools' over those available to them under Basel I. It also provides aframework for dealing with all the other risks a bank may face, such as systemic risk,   pension risk, concentration risk, strategic risk, reputation risk, liquidity risk and legal risk,which the accord combines under the title of residual risk. It gives banks a power to reviewtheir risk management  system. The Third Pillar The third pillar greatly increases the disclosures that the bank must make.This is designedto allow the market to have a better picture of the overall risk position of the bank and toallow the counterparties of the bank to price and deal appropriately. The new Basel Accordhas its foundation on three mutually reinforcing pillars that allow banks and bank  supervisors to evaluate properly the various risks that banks face and realign regulatorycapital more closely with underlying risks. The first pillar is compatible with the credit risk,market risk and operational risk. The regulatory capital will be focused on these three risks. The second pillar gives the bank responsibility to exercise the best ways to manage the risk  specific to that ba nk. Concurrently, it also casts responsibility on the supervisors to reviewand validate banks ¶ risk measurement models.The third pillar on market discipline is usedto leverage the influence that other market players can bring. This is aimed at improving thetransparency in banks and  improves reporting. State Bank of India is the largest banking and financial services company in India, by almostevery parameter – revenues, profits, assets, market capitalization, etc. The bank traces itsancestry to British India, through the Imperial Bank of India, to the founding in 1806 of theBank of Calcutta, making it the oldest commercial bank in the Indian Subcontinent. TheGovernment of India nationalized the Imperial Bank of India in 1955, with the ReserveBank of India taking a 60% stake, and renamed it the State Bank of India.In 2008, theGovernment took over the  stake held by the Reserve Bank of India. SBI provides a range of banking products through its vast network of branches in India andoverseas, including products aimed at NRIs. The State Bank Group, with over 16,000  branches, has the largest banking branch network in India. With an asset base of $260 billionand $195 billion in deposits, it is a regional banking behemoth. It has a market share amongIndian commercial banks of about 20% in deposits and advances, and SBI accounts for  almost one-fifth of the nation's loans. The total assets of the Bank increased by 9. 23% fromRs. 9,64,432. 08 crores at the end of March 2009 to Rs. 10,53,413. 3 crores as at end March2010. The Bank ¶s aggregate liabilities (excluding capital and reserves) rose by 8. 93% fromRs. 9,06,484. 38 crores on 31st March 2009 to Rs. 9,87,464. 53 crores on 31st March 2010. K ey performance I ndicators [Source : Annual Report, 2009-10]SBI has tried to reduce over-staffing by computerizing operations and â€Å"golden handshake†schemes that led to a flight of its best and brightest managers. These managers took theretiremen t allowances and then went on to become senior managers in new private sector ICICI Bank (formerly Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India) is a major  Ã‚  banking and financial services organization in India.It is the 4th largest bank in India andthe largest private sector bank in India by market capitalization. The bank also has a network  of 1,700+ branches (as on 31 March 2010) and about 4,721 ATMs in India and presence in19 countries, as well as some 24 million customers (at the end of July 2007). ICICI Bank isalso the largest issuer of credit cards in India. ICICI Bank's shares are listed on the stock  exchanges at Kolkata and Vadodara, Mumbai and the National Stock Exchange of IndiaLimited; its ADRs trade on the New  York Stock Exchange (NYSE). [Source : Annual Report, 2009-10]The Bank is expanding in overseas markets and has the largest international balance sheetamong Indian banks.ICICI Bank now has wholly-owned subsidiaries, branches andrepresentative s offices in 19 countries, including an offshore unit in Mumbai. This includeswholly owned subsidiaries in Canada, Russia and the UK (the subsidiary through which theHi SAVE savings brand is operated), offshore banking units in Bahrain and Singapore, anadvisory branch in Dubai, branches in Belgium, Hong Kong and Sri Lanka, andrepresentative offices in Bangladesh, China, Malaysia, Indonesia, South Africa, Thailand,the United Arab Emirates and USA. Overseas, the Bank is targeting the NRI (Non- ResidentIndian) population in particular. History HDFC Bank was incorporated in the year of 1994 by Housing Development FinanceCorporation Limited (HDFC), India's premier housing finance company.It was among thefirst companies to receive an ‘in principle' approval from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) toset up a bank in the private sector. The Bank commenced its operations as a ScheduledCommercial Bank in January 1995 with the help of RBI's liberalization policies. In a milestone transactio n in the Indian banking industry, Times Bank Limited (promoted byBennett, Coleman & Co. / Times Group) was merged with HDFC Bank Ltd. , in 2000. Thiswas the first merger of two private banks in India. As per the scheme of amalgamationapproved by the shareholders of both banks and the Reserve Bank of India, shareholders of  Times Bank received 1  share of HDFC Bank for every 5. 75  shares of Times Bank. In 2008 HDFC Bank acquired Centurion Bank of Pun j a b aking its total branches to morethan 1,000. The amalgamated bank emerged with a strong deposit base of around Rs. 1,22,000 crore and net advances of around Rs. 89,000 crore. The balance sheet size of thecombined entity is over Rs. 1,63,000 crore. The amalgamation added significant value toHDFC Bank in terms of increased branch network, geographic reach, and customer base,and a bigger pool of skilled manpower   Capital Adequacy [Source : Annual Report, 2009-10] The Industrial Development Bank of India Limited commonly known by its acronym IDBIis one of India's leading public sector banks and 4th largest Bank in overall ratings. RBIcategorized IDBI as an â€Å"other public sector bank†.It was established in 1964 by an Act of  Parliament to provide credit and other facilities for the development of the fledgling Indianindustry. It is currently 10th largest development bank in the world in terms of reach with1210 ATMs, 720 branches and 486 centers. Some of the institutions built by IDBI are the National Stock Exchange of India (NSE), the  National Securities Depository Services Ltd (NSDL), the Stock Holding Corporation of  India (SHCIL), the Credit Analysis ; Research Ltd, the Export-Import Bank of India (EximBank), the Small Industries Development bank of India(SIDBI), the EntrepreneurshipDevelopment Institute of India, and IDBI BANK, which today is owned by the IndianGovernment, though for a brief period it was a private scheduled bank.The IndustrialDevelopment Bank of India (IDBI) was est ablished on July 1, 1964 under an Act of  Parliament as a wholly owned subsidiary of the Reserve Bank of India. In 16 February 1976,the ownership of IDBI was transferred to the Government of India and it was made the  principal financial institution for coordinating the activities of institutions engaged infinancing, promoting and developing industry in the country. Although Governmentshareholding in the Bank came down below 100% following IDBI ¶s public issue in July1995, the former continues to  be the major shareholder (current shareholding : 52. 3%). During the four decades of its existence, IDBI has been instrumental not only in establishinga well-developed, diversified and efficient ndustrial and institutional structure but alsoadding a qualitative dimension to the process of industrial development in the country. IDBIhas played a pioneering role in fulfilling its mission of promoting industrial growth throughfinancing of medium and long-term projects, in consonance wi th national plans and  priorities. Over the years, IDBI has enlarged its basket of products and services, coveringalmost the entire spectrum of industrial activities, including manufacturing and services. IDBI provides financial assistance, both in rupee and foreign currencies, for green-field  projects as also for expansion, modernization and diversification purposes.In the wake of  financial sector reforms unveiled by the government since 1992, IDBI evolved an array of  fund and fee-based services with a view to providing an integrated solution to meet theentire demand of financial and corporate advisory requirements of its clients Axis Bank, formally UTI Bank, is a financial services firm that had begun operations in1994, after the Government of India allowed new private banks to be established. The Bank  was promoted jointly by the Administrator of the Specified Undertaking of the Unit Trust of  India (UTI-I), Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC), General Insura nce CorporationLtd. , National Insurance Company Ltd. The New India Assurance Company, The OrientalInsurance Corporation and United India Insurance Company UTI-I holds a special positionin the Indian capital markets and has promoted many leading financial institutions in thecountry. The bank changed its name to Axis Bank in April 2007 to avoid confusion withother unrelated entities with similar name. After the Retirement of Mr. P. J. Nayak, Shikha Sharma was named as the bank's managingdirector and CEO on 20 April 2009. As on the year ended March 31, 2009 the Bank had atotal income of Rs 13,745. 04 crore (US$ 2. 93 billion) and a net profit of Rs. 1,812. 93 crore(US$ 386. 15 million). On February 24, 2010, Axis Bank announced the launch of ‘AXISCALL ; PAY on atom', a unique mobile payments solution using Axis Bank debit cards.Axis Bank is the first bank in the country to provide a secure debit card-based paymentservice over IVR. Axis Bank is one of the Big Four Banks of India, along with ICICI Bank,State Bank of India and HDFC Bank Branch Network At the end of March 2009, the Bank  has a very wide network of more than 835 branch offices and Extension Counters. Totalnumber of ATMs went up to 3595. The Bank has loans now (as of June 2007) account for asmuch as 70 per cent of the bank ¶s total loan book of Rs 2,00,000 crore. In the case of AxisBank, retail loans have declined from 30 per cent of the total loan book of Rs 25,800 crorein June 2006 to around 23 per cent of loan book of Rs. 41,280 crore (as of June 2007).Evenover a longer period,  while the overall asset growth for  Axis Bank has been quite high and has matched that of the other banks, retail exposuresgrew at a slower pace. The bank, though, appears to have insulated such pressures. Interestmargins, while they have declined from the 3. 15 per cent seen in 2003-04, are still hoveringclose to the 3 per cent mark. Axis Bank, formally UTI Bank, is a financial services firm that had begun op erations in1994, after the Government of India allowed new private banks to be established. The Bank  was promoted jointly by the Administrator of the Specified Undertaking of the Unit Trust of  India (UTI-I), Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC), General Insurance CorporationLtd. , National Insurance Company Ltd. The New India Assurance Company, The OrientalInsurance Corporation and United India Insurance Company UTI-I holds a special positionin the Indian capital markets and has promoted many leading financial institutions in thecountry. The bank changed its name to Axis Bank in April 2007 to avoid confusion withother unrelated entities with similar name. After the Retirement of Mr. P. J. Nayak, Shikha Sharma was named as the bank's managingdirector and CEO on 20 April 2009. As on the year ended March 31, 2009 the Bank had atotal income of Rs 13,745. 04 crore (US$ 2. 93 billion) and a net profit of Rs. 1,812. 93 crore(US$ 386. 15 million). On February 24, 2010, Axis Bank announced the launch of ‘AXISCALL & PAY on atom', a unique mobile payments solution using Axis Bank debit cards.Axis Bank is the first bank in the country to provide a secure debit card-based paymentservice over IVR. Axis Bank is one of the Big Four Banks of India, along with ICICI Bank,State Bank of India and HDFC Bank Branch Network At the end of March 2009, the Bank  has a very wide network of more than 835 branch offices and Extension Counters. Totalnumber of ATMs went up to 3595. The Bank has loans now (as of June 2007) account for asmuch as 70 per cent of the bank ¶s total loan book of Rs 2,00,000 crore. In the case of AxisBank, retail loans have declined from 30 per cent of the total loan book of Rs 25,800 crorein June 2006 to around 23 per cent of loan book of Rs. 41,280 crore (as of June 2007).Evenover a longer period,  while the overall asset growth for  Axis Bank has been quite high and has matched that of the other banks, retail exposuresgrew at a slower pa ce. The bank, though, appears to have insulated such pressures. Interestmargins, while they have declined from the 3. 15 per cent seen in 2003-04, are still hoveringclose to the 3 per cent mark. Reserve Bank of India prescribes Banks to maintain a minimum Capital to risk weightedAssets Ratio (CRAR) of 9 percent with regard to credit risk, market risk and operational risk  on an ongoing basis, as against 8 percent prescribed in Basel Documents. Capital adequacyratio of the ICICI Bank was well above the industry average of 13. 97% t. CAR of HDFC  bank is below the ratio of ICICI bank.HDFC Bank ¶s total Capital Adequacy stood at15. 26% as of March 31, 2010. The Bank adopted the Basel 2 framework as of March 31,2009 and the CAR computed as per Basel 2 guidelines stands higher against the regulatoryminimum of 9. 0%. HDFC CAR is gradually increased over the last 5 year and the capital adequacy ratio of  Axis bank is the increasing by every 2 year. SBI has maintained its CAR around in the rangeof 11 % to 14 %. But IDBI should reconsider their business as its CAR is falling YOY (year  on year). Higher the ratio the banks are in a comfortable position to absorb losses. So ICICIand HDFC are the strong one to absorb their loses. Gross N PA:Gross NPAs are the sum total of all loan assets that are classified as NPAs as per RBIguidelines as on Balance Sheet date. Gross NPA reflects the quality of the loans made by  banks. It consists of all the non standard  assets like as substandard, doubtful, and loss assets. It can be calculated  with the help of following ratio : SBI maintained its GNPA to 3% which is very good sign of performances as SBI is thelargest lender in INDIA. HDFC ¶s GNPA is quite good as it is low with compared to ICICIand SBI but in 2008-09 GNPA rises. The reason may be economic crises. AXIS bank haslowest GNPA which shown its management ability. ICICI has the highest GNPA in bankingindustry and rising YOY (year on  year). N et N PA:Net NPAs are those type of NPAs in which the bank has deducted the provision regarding  NPAs. Net NPA shows the actual burden of banks. Since in India, bank balance sheetscontain a huge amount of NPAs and the process of recovery and write off of loans is verytime consuming, the provisions the banks have to make against the NPAs according to thecentral bank guidelines, are quite significant. That is why the difference between gross andnet NPA is quite high. It can be calculated by following : AXIS Bank has least Net NPA and ICICI has highest NNPA among group. HDFC shown itsmanagement quality as it maintained its NNPA YOY (year on year). SBI has to keep NNPA  below. IDBI has successful to control NNPA YOY.