Comparing Religious Rituals: Hinduism and Christianity

Comparing Religious Rituals Hinduism and ChristianityINTRODUCTIONThe comparative analysis presented in this term paper is really concentrate on two religions namely Hinduism and Christianity, because they play a major role in defining todays world eldritchity and thinking. Hinduism is the worlds oldest religion while Christianity is the worlds largest religion so comparison betwixt those two religions is really critical in serving our purpose in a perfect manner. In each religion, there atomic number 18 several rituals that a soulfulness has to conduct during his lifetime. Here we be going to discuss the triplet main rituals and a method of worship for both the religions. The common land chord most important rituals, that we ar discussing, argon establishment mentioning, marriage observation and the last ceremony. In Hinduism there be quite a few initiation ceremonies however Upanyana the ritual that ease offs permission to any Hindu to study the Vedas and Upanishads provides the most important transition in his or her life. Similarly the marriage ceremony and oddment cremation ritual are very(prenominal) important in any religions, especially in Hinduism since it believes in souls and reincarnation.Initiation Ritual in HinduismIn Hinduism, the rituals can be summarized to sixteen stages and each of them is dedicated to God by a ritual called Samskara. The Samskaras starts with birth ceremony and ends with the death ceremony cremation.The most important Samskara in a Hindu religious life is the set apart thread kn stimulate as Upanyana ceremony. This ceremony takes turn issue between the ages of eight and twelve years. The importance of this ceremony lies in the belief that when a boy is initiated with the sacred thread, it means he is ready to accept the religious teachings.Upanyana goes back to 3000 BCE before the birth of Lord Krishna. It was only performed for the junior boys of the three casts known as Brahmins, Kshatriyas and the Va ishyas. These three classes are said to be twice born because the sacred thread ceremony is fundamentally a spiritual sec birth, but the Shudras or servant class are non permitted this ceremony. The boys head is s nominated prior to the initiation in order to symbolize the second birth. In Upanyana, the young boy is given the sacred thread and thereforece obtains the religious right to study Vedas and Upanishads.In this ritual, worship of Lord Ganesh is performed and then the beatified place waters of the pot. With the saintly water the sanctification of the place and the assembly is do. The priest declares the purpose of the ritual and asks the permission of the assembly to conduct the ceremony. Then the ceremony of wearing the sacred thread is performed by tying the holy wrist band. The grains are sprout in pots by the ladies symbolizing the environmental care. The young boy commences the last repast from her m other(a)wise before entering the school with relatives and friends. He needs to correct grow his head shaved in order to enter into the austere life detaching himself from his old life. Then the bathing ceremony is conducted with holy water. The holy extract is prepared and the boy is dressed in the attire of Brahmchari. Initiation then starts with 11 mantras of 11 different deities for protection again all kinds of troubles in studies. The boy gives 11 sacrifices in the fire. Then after the initiation to Gayatri Mantra prayers are offered to Sun-god. Then the holy ashes are smeared at specific spots in the body chanting mantras. The boy assures the Guru to perform Brahmacharya duties regularly with devotion. He then goes around for alms starting with the mother and to a fault receives blessings from the gathering and honoring guru. Ladies wave the vermillion and sacred grain containing water.In this ritual three different materials are used for the thread. It is believed that these three threads rear for different classes a special gr ass for the Brahmin, a bow string for the Kshatriya and wool and hemp for the Vaishya. These three threads are also vatic to incite the Hindu that he must control mind, speech and body and also they stand for the three major Hindu deities Shiva, Vishnu and Brahma. The knot used to tie these three strands together is called Bhrama granthi.The ceremony finally ends with a ritual bath after which he is entitled as Snatak. This ritual bath symbolizes the boys new role in life.Initiation Ritual in ChristianityIn Christianity, churches insists that each person following the religion understands the meaning of the all the beliefs and follows them with complete agreement. Christians are supposed to make their own commitment. So Christians have the initiation rite called Confirmation it is the act that confirms and strengthens the beliefs and commitments which were initially made by the parents on their childs behalf. Confirmation is generally conducted before adult baptism and hence can be considered as an initiation rite. Initiation generally starts around the age of six or seven. For a Roman Catholic, the child is prepared for foremost Confession and First Comm centre during that time and then confirms his or her beliefs between the ages of 11 and 14. While in the Anglican Church, confirmation is conducted between the ages of 11 and 16 and only after this ceremony he or she receives Holy Communion. Often the ceremony of confirmation includes the First Communion.In any way, in both the churches the Bishop, on behalf of the church, asks the person to affirm his or her faith in the teachings of the Church. Then after naming, the Bishop confirming his or her affirmations welcomes them into the full fellowship of the Church. He does this by laying his turn over on them indicating two significances. Firstly it bestows the power of the Holy Spirit upon the person to empower him or her to be and to live as a Christian. Secondly, it links the person to the very roots o f Christianity through the bishop who was also empowered by the previous bishops and hence creating a link which goes back to the earliest Christians. subsequently this ceremony their families ordinarily held a party to celebrate the person to become superstar of them. Family members and family friends bring gifts. Gifts might include a bank account in his/her name or some fixed deposit and also stuff like briefcase, an expensive pen.Marriage in HinduismThe most important ceremony after the initiation ceremony is the wedding ceremony. There are different variations in these ceremonies and rituals. A prospective match is looked for the children from their own community or caste. In this process of looking for a match, the parents take a help of a holy priest who compares the jathakam or janampatri of the bride and groom. Janampatri is basically a booklet in which the characters and future of a person are written down depending upon the positions of the nine planets when the person was born. However modern day couples usually approve each other before their arranged marriage is ratified by their parents. In fact the approval of the elders is slowly becoming a formality and the marriages among different communities and castes are becoming common.EngagementThis is an important pre-wedding ceremony. In this ceremony the two families agrees with the wedding and also decides the date of the wedding. The couples exchange the bout rings.Barni BandwanaThis is held fifteen days prior to the marriage at grooms place. The pundit (priest) performs a puja of Lord Ganesh so that the wedding ceremony can happen without any kind of mishaps. During a Puja, a Mauli (thread) is tied to the hands of parents and the groom to save them from evil eyes.MayaraThis ceremony is common to both the bride and groom. The maternal uncle of the bride or groom is supposed to bring gifts to her sister and the bride or groom. In fact in some parts, the maternal uncle is supposed to give gifts to all the close relatives of the bride or groom.Sangeet SandhyaThis is an evening of musical entertainment which takes place about two to three days prior to a wedding all in a Banquet hall or at home. It is arranged by the brides family for bride and groom.Similarly they have Tilak Lagwana and Mehendi Lagwana before the wedding ceremony in which the brides family draws a Tilak on the forehead of the groom while the bride has her hands and feet being applied with Henna.During Marriage festivitiesHindus have several rituals during the marriage but the most important ones are as follows.AartiThe grooms party is received at the entrance of the wedding venue with a diya placed on a platter and the brides mother takes the Aarti of the groom with it. It symbolizes that they picture to purify the soul of groom before the marriage since marriage is the bonding of two souls and not just the bonding of two deal and two families.Kanya DaanIn this ritual, the brides father gives away the d aughter by the libation of the sacred water symbolizing that he is giving away the bride to the groom. The groom recites the Vedic Hymns to Kama the god of Love for stark(a) love and blessings (with his shoes off) and in the meanwhile the brides sisters steal the grooms shoes and ask for money in return.SaptapadiThe Saptapadi literally means seven steps but it is referred to as the seven rotations taken by the bride and groom around the holy fire which is considered as the most important component of Vedic Hindu weddings. The holy fire is seen as the witness when the couple makes vows to each other. Also bride and groom are tied by a knot denoting a lifelong bond between them. Each circuit of the consecrated fire is led by either the bride or the groom, varying by community and region. Usually, the bride leads the groom in the outgrowth circuit. The bride leads the first four circuits while the groom leads the last three of total seven circuits. With each circuit, the couple makes a vow to promise to make full parkway to give a happy relationship and household for each other. The seven vows taken are as follows.To provide for food always (Hindu).To give you smooth health and energy (Hindu).To ordained in Vedas, during your life time (Hindu).To give you happiness in life (Hindu).To make your cows and good animals grow in strength and in numbers (Hindu).To make all the seasons be beneficial to you (Hindu).To make the homams (sacrifices to be done in Holy Fire) to be performed by you in your life as ordained in Vedas, successful and free from hindrances (Hindu).Marriage in ChristianityIn Christianity, the union between man and woman is predestined by God. Since Christianity believes in souls it can also be seen as a bond between two souls. As per Jesuss message that wedding is a relationship, a union so real and intimate that the two become one flesh. So in a Christian marriage, husband and wife are treated as one. The weddings are conducted in church with al l friends and family members. There are different views on holding marriages and have diverse ways of conducting it.Pre Wedding RitualsBefore wedding, an engagement ceremony is kept. After this, there is a hen party known as the Bridal shower in which all the females gather at the brides place and rejoice by singing and dancing. The gifts are showered on the bride and then the bride offers them a pink cake with a hidden thimble. The woman who gets the thimble is supposed to get married next. Similarly the groom celebrates the Bachelors party with his male friends.This is considered a wild party bash, wherein he celebrates his last night as a bachelor. Raising a toast is a must here. At some places, just like the Hindu wedding, the bride and the groom are applied turmeric and sandal forest paste. It is known as Haldaat ceremony. However, in Goa it is known as Ross, wherein the couple is applied coconut paste in place of turmeric. After all these rituals, finally the wedding day arriv es.Wedding RitualsOn a wedding day, a car is sent from the groom to pick up the bride and the groom waits for it outside the church. Then they enter the church together, after the vanquish man of the groom welcomes her with a bouquet of flowers. Then the couple walks down the corridor with arm in arm. The priest who is been awaiting them bless them with the best wishes. The priest then reads sing from the Holy Bible and then the sermon known as Homily on the holiness of the wedding. After that, he asks question to the groom and the bride referring to their consent for the marriage. After they take each other as their lawfully wedded wife and husband, priest declares them as Husband and Wife. The couple then makes vows to stay with each other through thick and thin and promise to give all the happiness they can. The couple then exchanges rings which are blessed by the priest first, to nurture love and faith between the two. The family, friends and the gathered people blesses the c ouple. Finally the wedding concludes after the marriage registration and the couple walking down the aisle, arm in arm. The church then sends off a copy of the signed paper to the Registrar of Marriages.Post Wedding RitualsGenerally a Reception follows the wedding which is basically a celebration party. It is considered a grand affair, thats when the couple is welcomed by the guest. After that, the couple cuts the wedding cake and the Toastmaster offers a toast in the honor of the newly-wed couple. Then the party goes on and people celebrate it with dance and dinner party. Nowadays people keep a live band present for the people to swing on.Death and Cremation in HinduismDeath is considered the last Samskara in Hinduism. When a Hindu person dies, his or her dead body is bathed and wrapped in clean, more often than not white khadi cloth. The white color also signifies the purity of the soul after it left the body. Similarly at the ceremony of cremation, all mourners are supposed to wear only white clothes since white is considered to be the color of the mourning. A priest conducting the ceremony purifies the body and pyre by sprinkling holy water and in the meanwhile keeps singing or chanting religious hymns or songs. The ritual of the body to be set alight is only done by the eldest male child of the dead soul, or the closest male relative. Hindus in India are cremated upon open grounds upon wooden pyres, but because of scarcity of wood more and more people have started using the cremation chambers. The ashes of the persons remains are gathered and placed in a pot. This gathered ashes must be immersed in one of the holy rivers. However, if one is not able to immerse it into the holy river, any river or body of water that meets the ocean can work. Generally the holy water from Ganga is poured in the mouth of the deceased or mixed with the ashes following cremation. The cremation ceremony should be performed within three and a half days of the death and the as hes of the deceased must be immersed within three days (Death and afterlife in Hinduism). If it is not done within that time frame, additional rituals are call for to be carried out. However the practice of cremation is not universal among all the Hindus. People of various regions and castes may also bury their dead as well. However, most of the Hindus favor cremation in comparison to burial, even if burial is the common practice of the family.BeliefsThis is based on the belief that a Jiva is made up of five elements of prakriti (nature) which need to be returned to their source upon its death. Of them fire, earth, water and air belong to the body and come from this world, whereas the fifth element the ether (fine matter) belongs to the domain of the subtle body and comes from the higher worlds. By cremating the body, the elements are rightfully returned to their respective spheres, while the subtle body along with soul returns to the worlds beyond for the continuation of its af terlife (Death and Afterlife in Hinduism).Hindu funeral rites actually have two purposes. They are conducted in order to make sure a souls happy migration to the other world and also save its family members from the after effects of pollution consequent upon the death of a kin.According to Hindu beliefs, when a person dies, irrespective of whether he is far or near, his family members are polluted by the very process of his death and remain so for some time till the soul completes its journey to the other world and till they are purified through rituals(Death and Afterlife in Hinduism).Funeral Rites in ChristianityConveyance to the ChurchUnlike in Hinduism, the burial of the dead body is preferred in Christianity. In the funeral rites the first stage is the imparting of the body to the church. At a particular time, the clergy men are assembled in church and a signal is given by the tolling of the bell. The parish priest goes to the house of the deceased with the rest of the compan y one cleric carries the cross and another holy water. The put is sprayed with holy water before it can be taken out of the house. The priest with his assistants speaks the psalm De Profundis with the antiphon Si iniquitates. The procession then leaves for the church with the cleric carrying cross goes first, followed by the members of the clergy carrying lighted candles. The priest walks immediately before the coffin and the friends and family of the deceased while others walk behind the coffin. When the procession reaches the church the antiphon Exsultabunt is chanted, and as the body is borne to its place the responsory Subvenite is recited. According to the present rubric if the corpse is of a priest the head is supposed to be facing toward the altar while if the corpse is of a layman then the feet are to be turned towards the altar. Lords Supper in the churchThe second stage involves series of prayers, funeral Mass and absolution. The prayers offered are the Office of the dead . Candles are distributed in the congregation during the Mass. The candles are highly associated with the Christian funeral. These are to be lit during the Gospel, and during the absolution. This is due to a symbolical reference to baptism whereby Christians are considered the Children of LightAbsolutionThe absolution is a series of prayers for pardon that are talk over the body of a deceased Catholic right before the burial. The absolution of the dead does not forgive sins instead it asks God for the persons soul does not have to suffer from the punishment due to the sins which were forgiven during the persons life. The Libera me, Domine is sung while the priests incenses the coffin and sprays the holy water on it. Then the priest says the prayer and then In Paradisum is sung when the body is carried from the church to the gravesite.Ceremony by the gravesideThe corpse is taken to the grave after the absolution. Then the priest blesses the burial plot. A newly dug grave is considere d blessed while land never used for cemetery needs to be blessed by sprinkling holy water. The priest then speaks the antiphon I am the Resurrection and the Life, after which the coffin is lowered into the grave. Then the Lords Prayer is said silently, and the coffin is again sprinkled with holy water.Finally, after one or two brief responses, the following ancient prayer is saidGrant this mercy, O Lord, we beseech Thee, to Thy servant departed, that he may not receive in punishment the requital of his deeds who in desire did keep Thy will, and as the true faith here united him to the company of the flexure, so may Thy mercy unite him above to the choirs of angels. Through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen (Catholic).Then the priest speaks the final appeal to the GodMay his soul and the souls of all the faithful departed through the mercy of God rest in peace (Catholic).Thats how the graveside ceremony and the burial ceremony are conducted.In Summary, death rituals from both the religion s make an effort to comfort the souls and try to relieve the souls from the pain. However in Hinduism, the deceased is not forgotten in any occasions and also the generations coming on make sacrifices to comfort their ancestors soul. Nonetheless, both the religions believe in soul leaving the body during death and reincarnation. However Christianity does not openly admit the belief in reincarnation, in fact it states it in a different way by saying that eventually all the souls will find their way back to their synonymous bodies and will relieve themselves from the pain.ConclusionThe comparison between the two religions showed us how being similar in many respects their rituals differ from each other in a high manner. We found that there are pointing similarities between the motives behind performing the rituals. As in Christianity, only with Confirmation one becomes a Christian similarly in Hinduism one has to undergo the ritual of Upanyana in order to be able to study Vedas which makes him/her a real Hindu. Also in Hinduism we saw that Upanyana was only performed for males and during cremation also only males were allowed to enter the cremation site because females are thought as emotionally weak to be able to see their love ones getting burned. However in Christianity males and females are given equal opportunity to perform the rituals. Even though having the same ideas behind conducting these rituals the style of performing these rituals is all told different.

Is Globalisation A Good Thing For Development Politics Essay

Is Globalisation A Good Thing For Development Politics EssayGlobalization Developmental Boon or Bane? Years ago, globalisation was the curious buzzword which was viewed with much optimism by much of the gentlemans gentleman, including the miserable and chthonicdeveloped nations. The merging of the worlds economies promised great opportunities for growth and development especially for trey World economies. Today, there are two prevailing sentiments on globalisation either that globalization has resulted to prosperity for the poor nations or that it has resulted to the prosperity of the rich at expense of the worlds poor (Irogbe, 2005). This paper posits that while globalization have domiciliated a range of benefits for underdeveloped nations, the wheels of globalization has led to the deterioration of national economies, marginalization of the South, cultural homogenization, and intensified transnational migration.Main Features of GlobalizationGlobalization is a complex pro cess which has more facets economic, political and cultural. To understand this more concretely, discussed are the main features of globalization from the perspective of the develop world and how it is concretely manifested. Looking at globalization from a Third World lens is crucial to our understanding of it (Yotopoulous Romano, 2007). This is because, when viewed from the perspective of the First World, it is easy to evaluate the obvious benefits of globalization. For instance, globalization has enabled Americans to get hold of a wide range of products and services from all over the world. The margining of the worlds economies have allowed us to enjoy goods previously unobtainable to us because of high cost for instance, fruits such as pineapples, bananas, and mangoes that is not homegrown in the United States. We can listen to world music, Africa, Jamaican, Latin American, and Arabic rhythms through with(predicate) our iPod all day long. What is not clearly visible to us is how the wheels of globalization impact the farmer in Southeast Asia, the coffee growers in Latin America, and the coarse workers in Africa.Economic integrationWhile faster interconnected through advanced technology and transportation is the most popular idea about globalization, globalization is a fundamentally economic phenomenon. The economic promise of free hand and free opposition was supposedly designed to help Third World economies to elaboration market access previously impossible to penetrate (Lechner Boli, 2004). This has been true. Underdeveloped countries have been able to export their local anaesthetic products to developed markets unlike in the past (Sen, 2000). However, the large picture suggests because of the inherent asymmetries of the worlds economies, globalization as well leads to asymmetrical development benefitting the rich countries more than the poor (Yotopoulous Romano, 2007).Economic integration through the merging of the global economies takes o n three primary forms liberalization, privatization, and deregulation (Benyon Dunkerley, 2000). Liberalization is the downgrading of the social goals of national development, combined with the upgrading of participation in the world market (McMichael, 2004, p. 158). This is achieved by reducing and flattually removing the barriers to point of goods, capital, and services among countries, e.g. the removal of tariffs on agricultural products such as corn, rice, or beef. Deregulation means the reduction of the reduction of the role of governments in regulating trade and production and in providing services (Yotopoulos Romano, 2007). It adheres to the belief that the market is the most efficient and effective determinant of what should be produced and what would be consumed. Privatization in its purest sense means divestiture of state-owned enterprises or SOEs (McMichael, 2004). What used to be an ideological battle between big government/welfare states and more marketless state has moved into the mainstream economic development debate under the guise of sound economic management and good governance (Benyon Dunkerley, 2000, p. 45). A deregulated market freed from the visible hand of government is the most efficient, less burdensome strategy that will result in economic progress through foreign investments, so goes the argument. Economic pragmatism and expediency are the main motives for privatizing today, driven chiefly by balance-of-payment imperatives and the need to shift the burden of development from the public to the private sector (Leeds, 1990).To drive these three key strategies of economic globalization, two main institutions are responsible the worlds transnational corporations (TNCs) and the triumvirate of public transnational financial institutions (Buckman, 2004). The global TNCs hold tremendous influence in global trade because it has control over investment, employment, and barter decisions which surpass the decision-making power of most c reate countries. The triumvirate of the the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, and the World Trade Organization (WTO) act as a global overseer of the processes of economic globalization (Benyon Dunkerley, 2000). In theory, the triumvirate could be held accountable by the worlds governments but in practice, it has become a major global bureaucracy wielding enormous, for the most part unaccountable influence (Buckman, 2004, p. 87). The global privatization network includes multilateral and bilateral lenders, large MNCs, merchant banks, stockbrokers, accounts and management consultants, legal firms, marketing, specialist consultants, and think tanks (Leeds, 1990). The TNCs control the lions share of the world trade. The strongest among them, act more cohesively, in close cooperation with their respective governments, to assault or defend markets (Bello, 1997, p. 5). Hence, globalization overly means the most intense competition even among industrialized economies. Fo r instance, the United Sates and the business interests it represents stands to gain the most from globalization, which is why it has tried to dominate both the GATT-WTO and the APEC (Benyon Dunkerley, 2000). While imposing unilateral measures to protect its own market, the US is trying to prevent other countries from acting in the same way by invoking the principles of free trade. On another plane, many Northern governments, despite the neoliberal ideology of reducing the role of the state in economic matters, still heavily subsidize their agricultural products. These then become very cheap and when dumped into the markets of developing countries, local products cannot compete. This explains why farmers in Chile, Latin America, South Asia, and Southeast Asia have experienced destruction of their local economies such as in textile, transport, and even factory farm (Bello, 1997 McMichael, 2004).Political marginalizationGlobalization has also resulted to the political asymmetries le ading to the marginalization of the South. Globalization has proceeded under the premise that modernization is the key towards the genuine development of the Third World. However, the dependency theory of development suggests that modernization will only lead to increasing domination of the major world economic players to the detriment of the poor nations. The prefatorial decisions in global trade are still influenced by the dominant countries, leaving dependent nations with few choices because the parameters have already been set by the fountain (Willis, 2005).It is in the South where globalization as a political process really reduces the role of the nation state in terms of deciding the pleader of development through macro-economic policies. Parallel to this is the qualitative strengthening of the institutions of global economic governance (Bello, 1997, p. 8). The main mechanism for this has been the debt trap, whereby highly indebted countries are compelled to undergo geomor phological adjustment programs (SAPs) in exchange for more loans. The SAPs comes in the benign form of development loans from the World Bank but with them come harsh conditions or impositions on the developing nations to abandon crucial social services and domestic programs that benefit their local population. SAPs include having governments abandon health services, education, and environmental programs which are not remunerative and hence, cannot be used to replay World Bank and IMF loans and interest. Eventually, this leaves countries solely dependent on the market as well as pricing systems well beyond their control. Essentially, the political process of globalization renders countries powerless over the fate of their national economies (Bello, 1997).Cultural homogenizationGlobalization leads to a borderless world, one which erases political and geographical borders, fundamentally making countries operate and act similarly. As a consequence, culture is also gradually being erase d as the development of a global culture emerges (Norberg, 2003). Because of globalization, local products, cultures, and services disappear into this global culture one that is shaped and defined by the worlds economic and political powers. Critics have referred to this phenomenon as the McDonaldization of the world (Buckman, 2004).Globalization has also penetrated the sphere of culture and ideology. Cultural influences from the North are transmitted through the media whose impact is intensified by the spread of television, the use of the World Wide Web, calculating machine products, and other technologies (Cohen Kennedy, 2007). The process of cultural homogenization or the fashioning of one global culture is presently ongoing. Aside from creating an insipid culture, it has also forced passel to redefine their lives to promote this global culture. In order to make Nike shoes, designer clothing, and computers, poor Filipino and Indonesia farmers are forced to abandon their way of life to provide these consumer goods (Irogbe, 2005). Moreover, the environment is being degraded in order to provide room for giant farms for TNCs and ancestral lands of the indigenous peoples of the world are being plundered by mining TNCs (Bello, 1997). While the Internet has provided wider democratic space and a venue for greater cultural exchange, the increasing homogenization of culture through the Internet has also created greater insecurity (Cohen Kennedy, 2007).International migrationGlobalization also means the waves of migration in search of better earning opportunities. With the relative ease in transportation and communication, the number of international migrants has approached staggering levels (Lechner Boli, 2004). Aside from the migration of people, jobs have also been shipped off to Third World economies a contentious issue for First World nations because industries are slowly decease in the latter because business processes are outsources to countries like In dia, the Philippines, and China. This has created tensions among the workers of the First World countries (Bello, 1997). Moreover, an increasing concern of globalization is the globalization of the sex trade. Women and girls are being trafficked crosswise national borders for the purpose of prostitution (Irogbe, 2005).ConclusionGlobalization has several implications on the world and not all of them are negative. It has been an important engine of growth for many poor countries (Norberg, 2003 Sen, 2000). Access to trade and foreign markets, more democratic structures of communication through technology, are some of its benefits. Nonetheless, as a result of intense competition of the economies and the inherently asymmetrical political and economic conditions of countries, the economic development now rest on the decision-making powers of a few nations, leaving poor countries dependent.

Impacts on Morphology of Porous Polymethacrylate Adsorbent

Impacts on Morphology of Porous Polymethacrylate AdsorbentStudy of the effect of foreign loveing and internal temperature build-up during polymerisation on the morphology of porous polymethacrylate adsorbentChan Yi Wei, Clarence M. Ongkudon, Tamar KansilAbstract. Modern day synthesis protocols of methacrylate monolithic polymer adsorbent are based on existing polymerization schemes without an in-depth belowstanding of the dynamics of pore structure and formation. This has resulted in ineffectiveness of polymer adsorbent thereby affecting final product rec all overy and purity, storage time, productivity and process economics. The problems magnified in monolith scaling-up where internal heat buildup resulting from orthogonal heating and high heat-releasing polymerization reaction was reflected in cracking of the adsorbent. We gestate that through careful and precise control of the polymerization kinetics and parameters, it is possible to prepare macroporous methacrylate monolit hic adsorbents with controlled pore structures despite being carried out in an unstirred clay sculpture. This research involved the study of the effect of scaling-up on pore morphology of monolith, in other words, porous polymethacrylate adsorbents that were nimble via bulk free free radical polymerization process by imaging the porous morphology of polymethacrylate with s messning negatron microscope.INTRODUCTIONMonolithic supports are novel developing technology with high potential, more(prenominal) so than conventional particulate supports. A lot of researches and developments have been conducted in the past decade to utilize monolithic supports as the stationary phase in chromatographic separation overdue to its scalable feasibilities and better hydrodynamics. The reason lies within the presence of interconnected macro pores in monolithic sorbents that al down in the mouth convective transport weapon instead of diffusion that features as the only mean of transport mechani sm for particulate support. The monolith hydrodynamic property is predominated by convective transport mechanism, an important feature of a chromatography of puffyr molecules that are unable to penetrate into the internal structure of particulate support 1. Monolithic support also features lower pressure drop that varies with various pore structure orientations 2, 3. Such feature allows for higher mobile phase flow grade to be applied which could enhance the separation efficiency. Despite the low absolute surface area, the increase in flow rate actually more than makes up for the lost capacity for larger molecules due to smaller detail surface area. The comparison of physical characteristics between monolithic supports and particulate supports extend much further than pore size alone 4.Monolith is constructed in an unstirred mould that features significant lack of interfacial tension between an aqueous and an organic phase thus leading to large interconnected flow-through channe ls. In contrast, bead polymers prepared from identical polymerization mixtures but in a suspension polymerization process do not exhibit the same type of macroporous structure with large flow-through channels 5. Unstirred mould also results in poorer heat transfer, thus leading to formation of temperature gradient across the monolith sorbent with nuclei forming at different rates and porous channel forming at different sizes 6. This inherent issue magnifies during monolith scaling-up with obvious cracks observed during polymerization process. The key to achieving controlled macroporous structure is dependent on gaining control over the process kinetics within the unstirred mould (e.g. temperature of reaction) 7.This work involved the use of scanning electron microscope to visualize the morphology of porous methacrylate monolithic polymer under different porogen concentrations (50%, 60% and 70%) and different exfoliations (2ml and 150ml) which provided a better insight on the effect of scaling-up on pore morphology.MATERIALS AND METHODThe monolith was prepared via free radical co-polymerization of cross-linker EDMA and GMA as functional monomers. EDMA/GMA mixture was combined with an alcohol-based porogen solvent in the proportion of 35/15/50(GMA/EDMA/cyclohexanol) making a solution with a total masses of 160ml. AIBN (1% weight with respect to monomer) was added to initiate the polymerization reaction. The polymer mixture was sonicated for 20 minutes. The mixture of 2ml and 150ml were gently transferred into conical 0.8 cm 4 cm polypropylene column (BIORAD) and 5.0 cm x 10 cm Econo column (BIORAD) respectively sealed at the bottom end. The top end was sealed with a parafilm sheet and placed in a water bath for 3 h at 60oC. Same method was repeated for 21/9/70 and 28/12/60 (GMA/EDMA/cyclohexanol) mixture. For conical 0.8 cm x 4 cm polypropylene column, the polymer resin was washed with 400ml methanol at room temperature to remove all porogens and other oil-s oluble matters. The polymer was then washed with 200ml deionized water at room temperature to remove trapped air bubbles. Slightly different washing method for econo 5.0 cm x 10 cm, the polymer resin was extracted and placed in 1.0 L beaker filled with 600ml of methanol followed by placing it inside incubator shaker overnight under 140 rpm and 37oC. The conterminous day, methanol was replaced with 600ml of deionised water under same incubation condition for 4 hours. For analysis of monolith morphology, the monolith was oven dried at 70-C overnight and scanning electron microscopy was done at 15 kV using high resolution scanning electron microscope (Hitachi S-3400N, Japan) according to the manufacturers instructions.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONAs can be observed from Fig. 1, both small scale and large scale porous polymethacrylate sorbents featured the increment of globules and pores size as the concentration of porogen was change magnitude temporary hookup monomer and cross-linked age nt decreased. This phenomenon was due to the fact that an increase in the EDMA concentration led to the formation of more cross-linked nuclei and magnified by the presence of more functional monomer GMA therefore limiting their swelling which resulted in the concentration of the monomers in the swollen gel nuclei becoming lower than that in the solution. Hence, the chances of newly formed nuclei adsorbed by the macro pre-formed globules by coalescence of nuclei in abundance decreased greatly. The decline in local concentration of monomer decreased the size of the globules and thus contributing to the overall decrease in the pore size.External heating and exothermic heat buildup associated with the construction of polymethacrylate sorbent also play a role in the pore formation. The rate of inciter decomposition and free radicals formation rely heavily on temperature. The rate of radicals formation declines significantly at lower temperature than at higher temperature which results i n lesser number of nuclei formed per unit time. This allows the coalescence of many nuclei that result in formation of larger preglobules and larger pore size as well as delayed formation of monolith. The same is true for pore formation at higher temperature. High level of exothermic free radical copolymerization reaction and external heating contribute greatly to immense heat buildup within the polymerization mixture. Reaction that takes place in an unstirred mould could contribute to exothermic heat buildup to a certain degree. Hence, the relative differences in the rate of radicals formation, nuclei and pore sizes can be deduced by observing the results in Fig. 2. The effect of heat buildup was profoundly increased in 150ml volume, in which cracking occurred and the monolith was considered unreliable. It was presumed that the exothermic heat build-up led to pressure build-up which eventually forced the monolith structure to break apart.FIGURE 1. Effect of both cross-linking agent and monomer concentration in the polymerization mixture on the surface morphology of methacrylate monolith. Polymerizations were carried out with a constant monomer ratio (EDMA/GMA) of 30/70 porogen concentrations of 50%, 60% and 70% polymerization temperature of 60 -C AIBN concentration of 1% (w/w) of monomers. The SEM pictures show increased pores size with increased concentration of porogen in the polymerized feedstock. Microscopic analysis was performed at 15 kV.FIGURE 2. The effect of exothermic heat associated with the construction of large scale (150ml) polymethacrylate monolithic column on the surface morphology of methacrylate monolith. Polymerizations were carried out with a constant monomer ratio (EDMA/GMA) of 30/70 porogen concentrations of 70% polymerization temperature of 60 -C AIBN concentration of 1% (w/w) of monomers. The SEM pictures show heterogenous globules and pores size distribution due to instant heat buildup generated from external heating and high exotherm ic reaction associated with the construction of polymethacrylate monolith. Microscopic analysis was performed at 15 kV.CONCLUSIONThere were not many differences when we compared the polymethacrylate adsorbents of both small scale and large scale monolith from 50%, 60% and 70% porogen content in terms of globules and pore sizes (Fig. 1). However, the effect of exothermic heat buildup was evident (data not shown) in large-scale monolith and without a doubt contributed to heterogeneous pore size distribution across the adsorbent compared to small scale monolith as evident from Fig. 2. Thus, further analysis is required in characterizing the pore size from different sections of the adsorbent in order to obtain a conclusive summary of the effect of scaling-up on the pore size distribution.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWe would like to thank UMS (University Malaysia Sabah) Research Priority Grant for funding this project that is essential in establishing the founding for next step forward on the scalin g up of monolithic adsorbent.

Comparing Christianity and Buddhism :: Papers Compare Contrast Religion Essays

Comparing Christianity and BuddhismThis paper is a comparison between two genuinely different religions. Specifically Christianity and Buddhism. Coming from opposite sides of the globe these two religions could non be any farther apart in any aspect. I give discuss who Christ is for Christians and who Buddha is for Buddhists. I will also get into the aspects of charity, love, and compassion in both religions and I will be looking at the single self and how christians see resurrection where the buddhists feel about the afterlife. One thing to keep in mind is that the two religions are very different but they come out to have a very similar underlying pattern. Both believe that there was a savior of their people, Buddha and Christ, and both believe that there is something good that happens to us when our time is done here on earth. This is a very generalized summarization but in order to go in to depth I need to explain the two religions more to fully convey this theory. Th e Christian religion, standardized all other religions has its strengths and weaknesses in our modern society. Perhaps the strengths out heaviness the weaknesses as this is one of the largest religions in the world. Hundreds of people follow the Catholic/Christian religion tho still a greater number follow yet other religions. Perhaps this is because they see the weaknesses or perhaps it is simply because their parents have taught them that it is a sin to follow this religion.The Christian religions do however present more than more of an appealing atmosphere than such other religions which are as large as the Christian. The Christian religion is one of few religions where punishments for sins are not severe. In the Christian religion, even if you have lived a life of sin, so long as you repent in the end, you will be saved and habituated eternal life. This is not so in other religions. Such religions as Hinduism for instance do not believe this. For everything you do wrong y ou will be punished. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction, if not in this life, then the next. Hindus also believe that punishing the body is part of the path to salvation. Christianity is nothing like this. Many Christians live in high class society. Christianity is one of the most appealing in that any sins whitethorn easily be corrected and that Christians may live comfortable, if not wealthy lives without guilt.

Hourly Nursing Rounds to Decrease Patient Falls Essay -- Nursing Profe

forbearings are falling in hospitals and nursing homes on a regular basis. The number of falls per hospital has caused injury and expiry to some, and has cost hospitals a lot of money. Patients feel like nurses restrain a lot of work to do, and tend not to bother them when they want to go to the bathroom, which is the reasoning behind wherefore many patients are falling out of bed. Many believe that falls should not happen in hospitals, and many insurance companies are no interminable willing to cover the costs associated with patients falling. Therefore, many hospitals have looked for ways to implement interventions that will reduce the number of falls, because it is something that can be prevented to begin with. The articles that I have chosen for this paper reflect how hourly rounding has reduced falls in hospitalized patients. SignificanceThe national fall rate is between 2.3-7.0 falls per gramme patient days in hospitals, costing hospitals approximately an addition al $4,200 per fall (Kalman, 2008). The numbers of falls that happen in hospitals are inevitable. They have caused injury and death for many patients while being hospitalized. It has also put on a toll for the hospital with the amount of money they have to spend that could be exhausted on other things, especially when this is something that can be prevented in a hospital setting as healthcare members are there to help, and are unceasingly in and out of patients rooms. In fact, this has become significant recently, as insurance companies are no longer willing to pay for falls that happen in hospitals, along with many other things. In 2006, there were 2,591 cases reported of Medicare patients who fell out of bed (Woodward, 2009, p.201). However, the bigger thing to recognize her... ...ck to Basics Hourly nursing Rounds to Decrease Patient Falls and Call Light Usage and Increase Patient Satisfaction. Retrieved from http//stti.confex.com/stti/congrs08/techprogram/paper_37872.htmMeade, C. M., Bursell, A. L., & Ketelsen, L. (2006). Effects of Nursing Rounds on Patients Call Light Use, Satisfaction, and Safety. Retrieved from www.studergroup.com/content/ahc_research/...files/0906_calllight.pdfUlanimo, V. M., & Ligotti, N. (2011). Patient Satisfaction and Patient Safety Outcomes of Purposeful Rounding. VA national center for patient safety. Retrieved from www.patientsafety.gov/TIPS/Docs/TIPS_JulAug11.pdfWoodward, J. L. (2009). Effects of Rounding on Patient Satisfaction and Patient Safety on a Medical-Surgical Unit. Lippincott williams & wilkins. Retrieved from http//ovidsp.tx.ovid.com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/sp-3.4.2a/ovidweb.cgi?QS2=434f4

Causes Of World War I :: Papers

Causes Of World warfare I There were many reasons for the beginning of World War 1. Both small and large events contributed to war and it was impossible to control the situation in anyway. Tension was a very large contributor to war. Also in that location was the murder of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, which sparked major issues between Austria and Serbia. No one really understood the reason for the beginning of war or why the countries were fighting. In some cases, you could label that no one was to blame and that war was inevitable. In 1904, an alliance was signed between Britain and France and few years later, Russia, too, joined the alliance. This was to be known as the three-fold Entente. Ten years later, the six larger countries had been divided into ii alliances. Germany, Austria- Hungary and Italy had formed the Triple Alliance. There were many predominant tensions between specific countries such as Britain- Germany, Russia- Germany, and France- Germany. Germany was a main source of tension between the two alliances due to the arms build up and the strength of Germany as a single power. in spite of appearance the alliances, each member was made to promise that if an ally was ever in trouble, that they would always help that particular country and help. There were many tensions between muckle and there wasnt much trust at all. When Germany took the important industrial area of Alsace-Lorraine France in 1871, France showed resentment towards Germany and was trying to form an ally with someone to finally constitute revenge on Germany. And in 1894 this occurred and France formed an alliance with Russia. France was determined to get revenge on Germany and rightfully get back their land of Alsace-Lorraine. Kaiser Wilhelm 2nd, had always wanted Germany to be a strong power like Britain, but he wanted more power than the British. The German leaders were worried because of the positioning of the tw o powers in the Triple Alliance. France and Russia were either side of Germany and this was known as encirclement.

Andrew Jackson :: essays research papers

Andrew Jackson became the nations seventh president in 1829. He made significant changes in American politics at that time. He was very popular with the people because of the fact that he was a hero of the War of 1812. He had to a fault served in the senate and was a tough man who had manifested the life of the frontier. One change Jackson brought about was the steadily increasing power of the west. He happened to be the first president to come from the west of the Appalachians. Jackson was also the start of a new era of democracy in American politics. He didnt belong to a party but rather had a great deal popular reinforcing stimulus. Jackson supporters were poor and relatively new voters. Unlike other races (besides that of 1824) all white men were allowed to vote rather than just white phallic property owners. The election of Jackson in 1828 tripled the votes cast from 356,000 in 1824 to 1.1 million in 1828. Most of those new voters gave their votes to the man of the people, Jackson. The power of the voters was evident. Jackson had won 178 electoral votes to Adams 83. The election also stirred another change the revival of the two-party system. This race gave voters a choice between two candidates with precipitously differing views. An opposition party had arisen and with it came many conflicts but the new party would also strengthen the democratic process by stirring debates on key issues and bragging(a) two different views on matters. Many newly elected authoriseds elected to office used a practice called patronage. Jackson made the practice official by dismissing more than 200 presidential employees and about 2,000 other officeholders. They were replaced with 2,000 Jacksonian Democrats. The term spoils system was soon derived for the patronage system under Jackson. The spoils or dinero (jobs of previous appointees and officeholders) were taken from a defeated enemy. Jackson stated, in defense of the spoils system that any intelligent man could ho ld a public office. His support for the system made him popular with the common man. Jackson did not approve of a overpowering or controlling federal government. He felt the study government should be the least involved as possible. He vetoed many acts of congress in his term as president, one being a alley from Maysville, Kentucky to Lexington, Kentucky. He felt the state should build the road and not the national government.