Counseling Models Essay Example for Free

focusing Models EssayMost counseling models mother hold of the core conditions empathy, unconditional unequivocal regard and congruence. A. Psychoanalytic ModelSigmund Freuds psychoanalytic system is a model of personality getment and approach to psychotherapy. Psychoanalytic The original so c every(prenominal)ed talking therapy involves analyzing the root causes of behavior and feelings by exploring the unconscious(p)(p)(p) mind and the conscious minds relation to it. Many theories and therapies score evolved from the original Freudian psychoanalysis which utilizes free-association, dreams, and transference, as well other strategies to help the node know the run short of their consume minds. Traditional psycho analysts have their clients lie on a draw up as the therapist takes notes and interprets the clients thoughts, etc. Many theories and therapies have evolved from the original psychoanalysis, including Hypnotherapy, object-relations, Progoffs Intensive journal Therapy, Jungian, and many others. One thing they all have in common is that they deal with unconscious motivation. Usually the duration of therapy is lengthy however, many modern therapists use psychoanalytic techniques for short term therapies.Psychoanalytic counseling or Freudian psychology prompts affected roles to imagine lying on a tramp and divulging personal information. This fibre of counseling relies on patients history and an analysis of their thoughts, behavior and feelings. NYU Medical Schools Psychoanalytic Institute holds that psychoanalysis is based on observations of patient behavior and re information of symptoms and explores how unconscious factors play a role in births and behavior patterns. Psychoanalysts provide help to clients through the diagnosis of disorders and the utilization of talk therapy. Clients work through issues with the assistance of a trained counselor. Psychodynamic (psychoanalytic)Sees childhood as cause of present problems and focuses on exploring previous(prenominal) in some depth. Explores transference displaced feelings from premature childhood examined in prominent situations. Uses free association. Long term.Psychoanalytic therapy is the model where clients lay d consume with no eye contact or relationship with the therapist. (Less common these days) Counseling Implications to the highest degree counselors find combined psychosexual and psychosocial perspective a helpful conceptual framework for mind originatemental issues as they appear in therapy. The key involve and developmental tasks, along with the challenges inherent at each stage of feel, provide a model for looking some of the core conflicts clients explore in their therapy sessions. The remediation Processtherapeutic GoalsUltimate Goal To increase adaptive functioning which involves the reduction of symptoms and the resolution of conflicts. The two intentions of Freudian Psychoanalytic Therapy ar as follows, (1) to make the unconscious conscious and (2) to strengthen the ego so that behavior is based more than on reality and less on instinctual cravings or ir keen-witted guilt. victorious analysis is believed to result in signifi apprizet modification of the individuals personality and character structure. Therapeutic methods ar used to bring out the unconscious material. Then childhood experiences are reconstructed, discussed, interpreted and analyzed. It is clear that the process is not limited to solving problems and instruction new behaviors. There is also deeper probing into the past to develop the level of self thought that is assumed to be necessary for a change in character. healers Function and RoleIn classical psychoanalysis, analysts typically assume an anonymous stance, which is sometimes called the blank screen approach. They engage in very little self disclosure and detect a sense of neutrality to foster a transference relationship in which their clients will make projections onto them. Cent ral functions of analysis is to help clients acquire the license to love, work and play. Other functions include assisting clients in achieving self awareness, honesty and more effective personal relationships in dealing with anxiety in a graphic way and in gaining control over impulsive and irrational behavior. RolesEstablish a working relationship with the client and then do a bulky deal of listening and interpreting. Empathic attunement to the client facilitates the analysts apprehension and appreciation of the of the clients intra psychic world. Particular attention is given to the clients resistances. The analyst listens, learns and decides when to make provide interpretations.A major function of interpretation is to accelerate the process of uncovering unconscious material. The analyst listens for gaps and inconsistencies in the clients story, infers the substance of reported dreams and free associations, and re importants sensitive to clues concerning the clients feeling s towards the analyst.Clients Experience in the TherapyClients interested in traditional (or classical) psychoanalysis essential be willing to commit themselves to an intensive and long term therapy process. After some face-to-face sessions with the analyst, clients lie on a couch and engage in free association. *Free association allows the client to say whatever comes to mind without self-censorship.This is known as the fundamental rule. Clients report their feelings, experiences, associations, memories and fantasies. Lying on the couch encourages deep, uncensored reflections and reduces the stimuli that might interfere with getting in touch with internal conflicts and productions. It reduces clients ability to read their analysts face for reactions and hence, fosters the projections characteristics of transference. At the same time, the analyst is freed from having to guardedly monitor facial cues.Therapeutic Techniques and ProceduresThe therapy is geared more to limited objecti ves than to restructuring ones personality The therapist is less likely to use the couchThere are fewer sessions each weekThere is more frequent use of supportive interventions such(prenominal) as reassurance, expressions of empathy and support and suggestions There is more emphasis on the here-and-how relationship amidst therapist and client There is more latitude for therapist self-disclosure without polluting the transference Less emphasis is give n to the therapists neutralityThere is focus on mutual transference and counter transference enactments The focus is more on pressing unimaginative concerns than on working with fantasy materialSix (6) Basic Techniques of Psychoanalytic Therapy(1) Maintaining of the Analytic FrameworkThis refers to a whole range of procedural and stylistic factors such as the analysts relative anonymity, maintaining neutrality and objectivity, the regularity and consistency of meeting starting and ending the sessions on time, clarity on fees, and ba sic terminus ad quem issues such as the avoidance of advice giving or imposition of the therapists values.(2) Free AssociationIt is the rudimentary technique in psychoanalytic therapy. In free association, clients are encouraged to say whatever comes to mind, regardless of how painful, silly, trivial, bewildered, irrelevant it may count onm.(3) InterpretationThe analyst points out, explains and teaches the client the meanings of behaviors that are manifested in dreams, free association, resistances and the sanative relationship itself.(4) Dream AnalysisThis is an important procedure for uncovering unconscious material and giving the client cleverness into some areas of unresolved problems. During sleep, defenses are bring down and repressed feelings surface. Freud jar againsts dreams as the royal road to the unconscious.2 Levels of Dream ContentLatent ContentManifest Content(5) Analysis and Interpretation of tubeThis is anything that works against the progress of therapy an d prevents theclient from producing previously unconscious material. Resistance helps the client to fancy that drive outcelling appointments, fleeing from therapy prematurely are ways of defending against anxiety.(6) Analysis and Interpretation of transferralThe client reacts to the therapist as he did to an earlier significant other. This allows the client to experience feelings that would otherwise be inaccessible. Its analysis allows the client to achieve insight into the make of the past. *Counter transference is the reaction of the therapist toward the client that may interfere with objectivity. Limitations of Classical AnalysisThis approach may not be appropriate for all cultures or socioeconomic groups Deterministic focus does not emphasize menstruation maladaptive behaviors Minimizes role of the environmentRequires subjective interpretationRelies heavily on client fantasyLengthy treatment may not be hardheaded or affordable for many clientsB. Client-centered ModelPer son-centered therapy (pct) is also known as person-centered psychotherapy, person-centered counseling, client-centered therapy and Rogerian psychotherapy. PCT is a form of talk-psychotherapy developed by psychologist Carl Rogers in the 1940s and 1950s.The ultimate goal of PCT is to provide clients with an opportunity to develop a sense of self wherein they can realize how their spatial relations, feelings and behavior are being negatively affected and make an effort to find their true positive potential. The aim is directed towards achieving a greater degree of independence and integration. Two primary goals of person-centered therapy are increased self-esteem and greater openness to experience.Some of the related changes that this form of therapy seeks to foster in clients include closer agreement between the clients idealized and actual selves better self-understanding lower levels of defensiveness, guilt, andinsecurity more positive and comfortable relationships with others and an increased capacity to experience and express feelings at the moment they occur. Rogers unavoidablenessed to assist the clients in their growth process so clients can better get along with problems as they identify them.In this technique, therapists create a comfortable, non-judgmental environment by demonstrating congruence (authenticity), empathy, and unconditional positive regard toward their clients while using a non-directive approach. This aids clients in finding their own solutions to their problems. It places much of the responsibility for the treatment process on the client, with the therapist taking a nondirective role. Basic CharacteristicsIn the Person Centered approach the focus is on helping the client discover more appropriate behavior by evolution self-awareness ways to fully encounter reality. Through this encounter the client gains insight of themselves the world. Core ConditionsRogers (1957 1959) stated that there are six necessary and sufficient conditions required for therapeutic change1. Therapist-Client Psychological Contact a relationship between client and therapist must exist, and it must be a relationship in which each persons perception of the other is important.2. Client in-congruence that in-congruence exists between the clients experience and awareness.3. Therapist Congruence or Genuineness the therapist is congruent within the therapeutic relationship. The therapist is deeply involved him or herself they are not acting and they can draw on their own experiences (self-disclosure) to facilitate the relationship.4. Therapist Unconditional Positive Regard (UPR) the therapist digests the client unconditionally, without judgment, disapproval or approval. This facilitates increased self-regard in the client, as they can begin to become aware of experiences in which their pull in of self-worth was distorted by others.5. Therapist Empathic understanding the therapist experiences an empathic understanding of the clients interna l frame of reference. Accurate empathy on the disaccordentiate of the therapist helps the client believe the therapists unconditional love for them.6. ClientPerception that the client perceives, to at least(prenominal) a minimal degree, the therapists UPR and empathic understanding.ProcessesRogers asserted that the most important factor in successful therapy is the relational climate created by the therapists attitude to their client. He specified three interrelated core conditions 1. CongruenceThe willingness to transparently relate to clients without hiding behind a professional or personal facade. genuineness or realnessThe helper does not deny his or her own feelings the opposite of hiding behind a professional mask. I find that I am closest to my inner, intuitive self,when I am somehow in touch with the unknown in me, when perhaps I am in a slightly altered state of consciousnessThen simply my presence is releasing and helpful. (Rogers) 2. Unconditional Positive RegardThe th erapist offers an acceptance and prizing for their client for who he or she is without conveying disapproving feelings, actions or characteristics and demonstrating a willingness to attentively listen without interruption, judgment or giving advice. Unconditional positive regard acceptance and caring, only if not Approval of all behaviorRelated TermsAcceptance of the others reality with kindnessNon-possessive caringPrizingNon-judgmental attitude3. EmpathyThe therapist communicates their inclination to understand and appreciate their clients perspective. Accurate empathic understanding an ability to deeply grasp the clients subjective world companion attitudes are more important than knowledgeEmpathy is a consistent, unflagging appreciation of the experience of the other. It is alive(p) attention to the feelings of the clientIt involves warmth and genuinenessThe TherapistRogers believed that a therapist who embodies these three critical attitudes will help liberate their client to more confidently express their true feelings without fear of judgment. To achieve this, the client-centered therapist carefully avoids directly challenging their clients way of communicating themselves in the session in order to enable a deeper exploration of the issues most intimate to them and free from outer referencing. Rogers was not prescriptive in telling his clients what to do, scarcely believed that the answers to the patients questions were within the patient and not the therapist. Accordingly the therapists role was to create a facilitative, empathic environment wherein the patient could discover for him or herself the answers.Therapists are used as instruments of change but are not to direct the change in client Therapist helps develop an environment in which the client can grow Through attitudes of genuine caring, respect, and understanding the client is able to let their defenses down become more self aware Therapist reflects clients view of the world (Phenomenol ogical approach) The Therapist must beCongruentable to approach client with unconditional positive regarddemonstrate accurate understanding and empathyFocuses on the quality of the therapeutic relationshipServes as a model of a human being struggle toward greater realness is genuine integrated, and authentic, without a false front Can openly express feelings attitudes that are present in the relationship with the client Therapeutic ProcessMain focus is on the person not on the persons problemsThis allows the client to reconnect with him/her.Client is assisted in therapy so that they can deal with current problems as well as problems that develop in the future Focuses on helping a personbecome aware of their true self develop congruency Clients ExperienceThrough therapy client is able to let down his/her defenses become more true to him/her selves They gain perception into themselves, which allows them to better understand accept others Application Therapeutic Techniques and Pr oceduresOne of the major contributions of Rogers in the counseling field is the notion that the quality of the therapeutic relationship, as opposed administering techniques, is the primary gene of growth in the client. The therapists ability to establish a strong connection with the clients is the critical factor determining successful counseling outcomes. The person-centered ism is based on the assumption that clients have the resourcefulness for positive movement without the counselor assuming an spry, directive or problem-solving role. What is essential for clients progress is the therapists presence, being completely attentive to, and immersed in the client as well as in the clients expressed concerns. In a debate conducted in the 1990s, it was revealed that the effectiveness of person-centered therapy with a wide range of client problems including anxiety disorders, alcoholism, psychosomatic problems, agoraphobia, interpersonal difficulties, depression, cancer and personali ty disorders. Moreover, an effective therapy is based on the client-therapist relationship in combination with the inner and external resources of the client.Learning to listen with acceptance to oneself is a valuable life skill that enables individuals to be their own therapists. The basic concepts are straight forward and easy to comprehend, and they encourage locating power in the person rather than fostering an authoritarian structure in which control and power are denied to the person. The person-centered approach is especially applicable in crisis intervention such as an unwanted pregnancy, an illness, a disastrous event, or the loss of a love one. When people are in crisis, one of the first steps is to give them an opportunity to fully express themselves. Communicating a deep sense of understanding should always precede other more problem-solving interventions.C. Rational Emotive ModelAlbert Ellis founded rational therapy in the mid-1950s and was one of the first therapists to emphasize the influential role of cognition in behavior. In 1960s, he changed the name to Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), because of his contention that the model had always stressed the reciprocal interactions among cognition, emotion and behavior. Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT), previously called rational therapy and rational emotive therapy, is a comprehensive, industrious-directive, philosophically and empirically based psychotherapy which focuses on resolving ablaze and behavioral problems and disturbances and enable people to lead happier and more fulfilling lives. REBT is based on the assumption that we are not disturbed solely by out early or by and by environments but we have strong inclinations to disturb ourselves consciously and unconsciously. We do this largely by taking our goals and values, which we mainly learn from our families and culture, and changing them into absolute shoulds, oughts and musts.REBT therapists employ active/directive tec hniques such as teaching, suggestion, persuasion, and homework assignments and they challenge clients to substitute a rational belief system for an irrational one. It emphasizes the therapists ability and willingness to challenge, confront, and entice the members to practice activities that will lead to constructive changes in thinking and behaving. The approach stresses action doing something about the insights one gains in the therapy. ORIGINS OF EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCEA central concept of REBT is the role that absolutist shoulds, oughts, and musts play when people become and remain emotionally disturbed. We forcefully, rigidly, and emotionally subscribe to many grandiose musts that result in our needlessly disturbing ourselves. According to Ellis (2001a, 2001b), feelings of anxiety, depression, hurt, shame, rage, and guilt are largely initiated and perpetuated by a belief system based on irrational ideas that were uncritically embraced, often during early childhood. In addition t o taking on dysfunctional beliefs from others, Ellis stresses that we also invent musts on our own. Ellis (1994, 1997 Ellis Dryden, 2007 Ellis Harper, 1997) con leads that most of our dysfunctional beliefs can be reduced to three main forms of musturbation 1. I absolutely must do well and be approved of by signicant others.I must wintheir approval or else I am an inadequate, worthless person. 2. You must under all conditions and at all times treat me considerately, kindly, lovingly, and fairly. If you dont, you are no damned good and are a rotten person. 3. Conditions under which I live absolutely must be comfortable so that I can get what I want without too much effort. If not, it is awful I cant stand it and life is no good. Rational emotive behavior therapy is grounded on existential principles in many respects. Although parents and society play a signicant role in bring to our emotional disturbance, we do not need to be victims of this indoctrination that takes place in our e arly years. We may not have had the resources during childhood to challenge parental and societal messages. As psychological adults now, however, we can become aware of how adhering to negative and poisonous beliefs actually hampers our efforts to live fully, and we are also in a position to modify these beliefs. THE A-B-C THEORYThe A-B-C conjecture of personality and emotional disturbance is central to REBT theory and practice. The A-B-C theory maintains that when we have an emotional reaction at point C (the emotional Consequence), after some Activating event that occurred at point A, it is not the event itself (A) that causes the emotional state (C), although it may contribute to it. It is the Belief system (B), or the beliefs that we have about the event, that mainly creates C. For example, if you feel depressed (C) over not getting a promotion at work (A), it is not the fact that you werent promoted that causes your depression it is your belief (B) about the event. By believi ng that you absolutely should have been promoted and that not receiving it means that you are a failure, you construct the emotional consequence of feeling depressed.Thus, we are largely responsible for creating our own emotional disturbances through the beliefs we boyfriend with the events of our lives Ellis (2011) maintains that we have the capacity to signicantly change our cognitions, emotions, and behaviors. We can best accomplish this goal by avoiding preoccupying ourselves with the touch off events at A and by acknowledging the futility of dwelling endlessly on the emotional consequences at C. We can choose to examine, challenge, modify, and uproot Bthe irrational beliefs we hold about the activating events at A. GOALS OF A REBT GROUPThe basic goal of REBT is to help clients replace rigid demands with exible preferences. According to Ellis (2001b 2011), two of the main goals of REBT are to assist clients in the process of achieving unconditional self-acceptance (USA) and un conditional other acceptance (UOA), and to see how these are interrelated. To the degree that group members are able to accept themselves, they are able to accept others. The process of REBT involves a collaborative effort on the part of both the group leader and the members in choosing living and self enhancing outcome goals. The therapists task is to help group participants to differentiate between realistic and unrealistic goals and self-defeating and self-enhancing goals (Dryden, 2007). Further goals are to teach members how to change their dysfunctional emotions and behaviors into healthy ones and to cope with almost any unfortunate event that may formulate in their lives (Ellis, 2001b).REBT aims at providing group members with tools for experiencing healthy emotions (such as sadness and concern) about negative activating events rather than unhealthy emotions (such as depression and anxiety) about these events so that they can live richer and more satisfying lives. To accompl ish this basic objective, group members learn practical ways to identify their underlying irrational beliefs, to critically guess such beliefs, and to replace them with rational beliefs. Basically, group members are taught that they are largely responsible for their own emotional reactions that they can minimize their emotional disturbances by nonrecreational attention to their self-verbalizations and by changing their irrational beliefs and that if they acquire a new and more realistic philosophy, they can cope effectively with most of the unfortunate events in their lives. Although the therapeutic goals of REBT are essentially the same for both individual and group therapy, the two differ in some of the specic methods and techniques employed, as you will see in the discussion that follows.CONFRONTING IRRATIONAL BELIEFSREBT group leaders begin by teaching group members the A-B-C theory. When they have come to see how their irrational beliefs are contributing to their emotional an d behavioral disturbances, they are ready to Dispute (D) these beliefs. D represents the application of scientic principles to challengeself-defeating philosophies and to dispose of unrealistic and unveriable hypotheses. Cognitive restructuring, a central technique of cognitive therapy, teaches people how to make themselves less disturbed (Ellis, 2003). One of the most effective methods of helping people reduce their emotional disturbances is to register them how to actively and forcefully dispute these irrational beliefs until they surrender them. This process of disputation involves three other Ds(1) Detecting irrational beliefs and seeing that they are illogical and unrealistic,(2) Debating these irrational beliefs and showing oneself how they are unsupported by evidence, and (3) discriminating between irrational thinking and rational thinking (Ellis, 1994, 1996). After D comes E, or the imprint of disputingthe relinquishing of self destructive ideologies, the acquisition of ef fective new beliefs, and a greater acceptance of oneself, of others, and of the inevitable frustrations of everyday life. This new philosophy of life has, of course, a practical sidea concrete E, if you wish. In the previous example, E would translate into a rational statement such as this Id like to have gotten the job, but there is no reason I have to get what I want. It is unfortunate that I did not get the job, but it is not terrible.According to REBT theory, the ultimate desired result is that the person experiences a healthy negative emotion, in this case, disappointment and sadness, rather than depression.Group members learn to separate their rational (or functional) beliefs from their irrational (or dysfunctional) beliefs and to understand the origins of their emotional disturbances as well as those of other members. Participants are taught the many ways in which they can (1) free themselves of their irrational life philosophy so that they can function more effectively as an individual and as a relational being and (2) learn more appropriate ways of responding so that they wont needlessly feel disturbed about the realities of living. The group members help and support one another in these learning endeavors. The Therapeutic ProcessGOALS OF A REBT GROUPThe basic goal of REBT is to help clients replace rigid demands with exible preferences. According to Ellis (2001b 2011), two of the main goals of REBT are to assist clients in the process of achieving unconditional self-acceptance (USA) and unconditional other acceptance (UOA), and to seehow these are interrelated. To the degree that group members are able to accept themselves, they are able to accept others. The process of REBT involves a collaborative effort on the part of both the group leader and the members in choosing realistic and self enhancing outcome goals. The therapists task is to help group participants to differentiate between realistic and unrealistic goals and self-defeating and self-enha ncing goals (Dryden, 2007). Further goals are to teach members how to change their dysfunctional emotions and behaviors into healthy ones and to cope with almost any unfortunate event that may arise in their lives (Ellis, 2001b). REBT aims at providing group members with tools for experiencing healthy emotions (such as sadness and concern) about negative activating events rather than unhealthy emotions (such as depression and anxiety) about these events so that they can live richer and more satisfying lives.To accomplish this basic objective, group members learn practical ways to identify their underlying irrational beliefs, to critically evaluate such beliefs, and to replace them with rational beliefs. Basically, group members are taught that they are largely responsible for their own emotional reactions that they can minimize their emotional disturbances by paying attention to their self-verbalizations and by changing their irrational beliefs and that if they acquire a new and mor e realistic philosophy, they can cope effectively with most of the unfortunate events in their lives. Although the therapeutic goals of REBT are essentially the same for both individual and group therapy, the two differ in some of the specic methods and techniques employed, as you will see in the discussion that follows. Role and Functions of the CounselorThe therapeutic activities of an REBT group are carried out with a central purpose to help participants internalize a rational philosophy of life, just as they internalized a set of dogmatic and extreme beliefs derived from their sociocultural environment and from their own invention. In working toward this ultimate aim, the group leader has several specic functions and tasks. The rst task is to show group members how they have largely created their own emotional and behavioral disturbances. The leader helps group members to identify and challenge the irrational beliefs they originally unquestioningly accepted, demonstrates how the y are continuing toindoctrinate themselves with these beliefs, and teaches them how to modify their thinking by developing rational alternative beliefs. It is the group leaders task to teach members how to stop the vicious circle of the self-blaming and other-blaming process. REBT assumes that peoples irrational beliefs are so deeply ingrained that they will not change easily. Thus, to bring about a signicant cognitive change, leaders employ a variety of active cognitive and emotive techniques (Ellis, 1996, 2001b Ellis Dryden, 2007).REBT group practitioners favor interventions such as questioning, confronting, negotiating homework assignments, and helping members experiment with new ways of thinking, feeling, and doing. REBT group leaders are active in teaching the theoretical model, proposing methods of coping, and teaching members strategies for testing hypotheses and solutions. REBT group leaders assume the role of a psychological educator, and they tend to avoid relating too cl ose to their members and thus avoid having them increase their dependency tendencies. They provide unconditional acceptance rather than warmth and approval (Dryden, 2009b). However, REBT group practitioners demonstrate respect for the members of their groups and also tend to be collaborative, encouraging, supportive, and mentoring. REBT practitioners employ a directive role in encouraging members to commit themselves to practicing in everyday situations what they are learning in the group sessions.They view what goes on during the group as important, but they realize that the hard work between sessions and after therapy is terminated is even more crucial. The group context provides members with tools they can use to become self-reliant and to accept themselves unconditionally as they encounter new problems in daily living.Application Therapeutic Techniques and ProceduresEllis originally developed REBT to subdue to make psychotherapy shorter and more efcient than most other systems of therapy hence, it is intrinsically a brief therapy. As applied to groups, REBT mainly employs interventions that teach group members how to tackle practical problems of living in a brief and efcient way (Ellis, 2001b). From the origin of the approach, REBT has utilized a wide range of cognitive, emotive, and behavioral methods with most clients. Like other cognitive behavioral therapies, REBT blends techniques to change clients patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting.Itis an integrative therapy, selectively adapting various methods that are also used in existential, humanistic, phenomenologically oriented therapeutic approaches, but the emphasis is on the cognitive and behavioral dimensions (Ellis, 2001b). REBT focuses on speci c techniques for changing a clients self-defeating thoughts in concrete situations. In addition to modifying beliefs, this approach helps group members see how their beliefs inuence what they feel and what they do thus, there is also a concern for changi ng feelings and behaviors that ow from rigid and extreme beliefs. This model aims to minimize symptoms by bringing about a profound change in philosophy. REBT practitioners are exible and creative in their use of methods and tailor their techniques to the unique needs of group members (Dryden, 2007)ReferencesA. Internet-Basedhttp//www.allaboutcounseling.com/counseling_approaches.htmhttp//www.ehow.com/list_7162754_psychological-counseling-techniques.htmlixzz2cmnFA0bd http//www.ukessays.com/essays/psychology/psychoanalytic-theory-theories-of-counseling-and psychotherapy-psychology-essay.phpixzz2cmqlANAb http//www.minddisorders.com/Ob-Ps/Person-centered-therapy.htmlbixzz2dzABrENSB. BooksCorey, G. (2012). Counseling and Psychotherapy Theory and Practice Second Edition. Cengage Learning, Philippines.